Young Muslims in Britain today have many problems in following their religion Essay Example

Young Muslims in Britain today have many problems in following their religion Essay Young Muslims in Britain today have many problems in following their religion. Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer and show that you have thought about different points of view.I think that young Muslims in Britain today experience many problems following their religion. The main reason for these difficulties is education. Education is important to every teenager and so it is to Muslims, especially Islamic education. There are about 2 million Muslims living in Britain and around half a million of them are children of compulsory school age ( 5-16 ) attending county schools. Most of the Muslim children here are born in this country. Their parents are very concerned about the difficulties in their children following their religion as they dont want them to lose their faith and the cultural of Islam to be lost because Islamic education is not included in the national curriculum in Britain.They want them to learn about their own religion because Islam is their life so they w ould want their children to have an Islamic education as well as a British one. Muslims would not be able to learn things about their own religion in British state schools e.g. the Quran, Arabic and their own culture. This would be a part of their education if they went to a special Islamic school. But in Britain, Muslims are still struggling to get publicly funded Islamic schools. Opponents to these schools say that girls particularly would be disadvantaged in an Islamic system. Nevertheless there are 43 Muslim private secondary schools and one or two look like getting voluntary-aided status. Feversham college, an all girl Muslim secondary school in Bradford is hoping to move into a former Catholic school. The headmistress, whos a Muslim, was educated at a Catholic school, We are educating the children to take their place in society. They are part of their community first, but also part of a wider community. First of all, we need to make them aware of what makes the foundation of t heir identity Islam. As Muslim women they need to understand their relationship with their creator and then with their fellow human beings, whether they go on to higher education, get married or whatever.Many Muslim parents think that schools in Britain are not strict enough; there are more rules, rules that are probably relevant to the Islamic regulations and obligations in Islamic schools. Not only do Muslims parents find it difficult to accept some parts of the state school curriculum in Britain but they are also dissatisfied by the methodology of teaching.In 1984, there were several hundred Muslim girls under 16 who were not attending school. Some of them were certainly being kept at home illegally. People within the Islamic community said Your schools are not good enough, your discipline ethos and non-Islamic values are not acceptable. Unless you do something about this, well not send your daughters to school.Lets consider some of the problems Muslim teenagers might face in sc hools :School MealsIn Islam, Muslims are only allowed to have halal meat all vegetables an any animal which has been killed according to Islamic regulation with the Bismillah blessing said over it but they are not allowed to eat any products coming from a pig. If the animal is not slaughtered in the Islamic way, then its harem ( forbidden ) this is the meat itself and all its derivatives lard, animal fats, gelatine etc. This could be a problem for teenagers in state schools in Britain because the school canteen probably dont provide the halal meat that Muslims are allowed to eat.To deal with this problem, some Local Education Authorities ( LEAs ) have already made the move of providing halal food in some school canteens. The LEAs say that schools with Muslim children who cannot provide halal food in the canteen should make sure that Muslim children get a choice of vegetarian food and that all ingredients should be clearly displayed.School UniformAs mentioned in R2, Muslims have t o follow the Islamic dress code and so does the Muslim teenagers. This could be a problem for Muslim teenagers as most state schools in Britain require wearing a school uniform. Islam requires boys and girls to conform at all times to the dress regulations. Modesty is the main consideration. After puberty, girls dress should be loose fitting which covers most of their body. Some will want to wear a headscarf with the full traditional dress which covers the whole of the body except for the face and the hands. Some less strict Muslims will just wear a headscarf. This has caused some conflicts between the parents and the schools as some girls have been banned from wearing the headscarf. Schools should be more understanding towards the Muslim teenagers in school. They should recognise the fact that they need to fulfil their Islamic obligations.Some schools have become less strict on this matter. Some let Muslim girls in school to wear loose fitting trousers under their skirts.The Islami c obligations on dress code also means that it will be hard for Muslims to have P.E lessons or swimming lessons. Maybe schools should allow Muslim children to wear sportswear compatible with the Islamic dress code.The following extract is taken from a problems page in a Islamic teenage magazine in Britain :PrayingPraying is a big part of a Muslims life. It is a fard as salat is the second pillar of Islam. From the age of ten, every Muslim must pray five times a day at fixed times. This could be very inconvenient for Muslims in British state schools as the prayer times will fall within the school day, usually during the lunch and afternoon breaks. Some schools have been requested to provide facilities like a prayer room and a wash area to perform wudu. This could be very difficult for schools to do.RamadanWhen Muslims children fast, it can be very hard for them, especially if they are in a state school in Britain where the majority of the pupils are non-Muslims. A particular TV serie s on Channel 4 near the beginning of 2000 featured a Muslim boy who goes to a state school in Britain, trying to keep his fast during Ramadan. He had to force himself not to be tempted to break his fast during lunchtime as all his English friends are having lunch. He even tried to ignore the smell of food coming from the canteen!Mix SchoolsIn Islam, it is taught that boys and girls should not mingle; it is done mostly to protect the girls especially. This would also mean that it is inconvenient for both sexes to have P.E lessons or swimming lessons together.British boys and girls would get into relationships in their teenage years, and they most certainly have friends of the opposite sex. So it is difficult for Muslims when they see people of their own age having boyfriends / girlfriends, since free mingling between the sexes is not approved in Islam.The following extract, taken from an Islamic teenage magazine called Reflect shows just some of the problems that Muslims face :R.E le ssons and other subjectsIn state schools in Britain, there is usually a multi-cultural education, learning about many other religions such as Judaism, Christianity etc. Muslims might be offended by this.Science subjects taught in school can conflict with Islam too e.g. in Biology, people learn about evolution. Muslims might have a different view of this subject.Sex EducationSex education taught in school could be a problem since some Muslims are not prepared to talk or listen openly about it.In 1999, there has been a huge conflict between the Muslims and schools as the government might scrape Section 28. Section 28 of the 1988 Local Government Act bans local authorities from promoting homosexuality and says schools may not teach homosexuality as a pretended family relationship. Muslims may send their children to private schools or purely Islamic schools or they may teach the children at home. Muslims are taking this issue very seriously because they dont want their children exposed to homosexual propaganda. It has to be noted that other non-Muslim parents are also concerned about section 28 being repealed.See page for the newspaper cutting on it.I think this just shows one of the many difficulties that Muslim children and their parents face.Not only in education and schools are Muslim teenagers affected, they also experience problems when it comes to their social life. Many British teenagers drink alcohol and smoke, this is prohibited in Islam. Many British teenagers also have boyfriends and girlfriends. The following quote is taken from Kaman who was interviewed in the Daily Mail, 1989 which clearly states how Muslims teenagers feel : They always want you to go to the pub or the nightclub, or they are going out with their girlfriends. Theyll invite you with them, but that only makes you feel a bit low because you know you cant mix with that , since you dont have a girlfriend yourself. So I always make some excuse or other.As said in the article, this particul ar boy was ashamed to admit that he had kissed a girl before!! Many might find it very hard to resist pre-marital sex as some of their British friends might have sexual relationships with their girlfriends / boyfriends. Of course, some are very strong in their belief : Youve got to take sex more seriously than that. In our religion, your virginity should stay until youre married. Sex is for babies, isnt it?Islam states that one should marry; many of the marriages are arranged. Muslims in Britain might resent the idea of an arranged marriage because they see their British friends going out, and dating people of the opposite sex and so feel that they should have the freedom to go out and choose for themselves who they want to marry. One point is emphasised, and that is they are not forced into the marriage. If they do not like the partner in which their parents have chosen for them, they do not have to go through with the marriage. But the match their parents find for them are usually very good as they would do it on a broad basis considering family background, education, ambitions, likes and dislikes.Theres one very important issue that Muslims living in Britain feel : and that is a sense of belonging. They dont know whether they belong to Britain or their ethnic background e.g. Bangladesh. The newspaper cutting on page also gives a personal insight into why Muslims in Britain feel the way they do. I think that one of the quote taken from the article best describes their situation :Were being torn apartMany Muslims teenagers feel that their parents want them to be like their parents. But this is practically impossible :They just dont understand what were going through. They want us to become clones of them and we cant, because weve not been brought up in the same environment.Of course not everybody thinks this way. Some thinks that Muslim teenagers living in Britain do not have many problems in following them religion. They believe that all the problems can be solved. School canteens can provide halal meat, there can be separate lessons for boys and girls so that they dont mix freely. In issues concerning, they believe that the Muslims, if they missed a prayer because they are in school, can make up for it in the next prayer time. Some also believe that Muslims shouldnt have the special right to have their own schools. They believe that by doing this, the Muslim society in Britain and the British community would only segregate even more.Concerning marriage, many thinks that some of the children are forced into the marriage. This does happen in extreme cases as the article from The Times in March 2000 describes on page .The article describes how some children are forced into arranged marriages and it warns teachers to go to the police if they suspect that any of their pupils are forced into marriages by their parents.According to Muslim law, A Muslim man can have up to four wives. There is a test case in Britain where a Muslim man wants to have his three wives recognised as being legally married to him. ( The newspaper article is on page ) This is polygamy which is illegal in Britain. He has taken the case to the European Court of Human Rights but I think that the issue is much broad than just about marriage. It is whether minorities have the right to follow their own customs or should they conform to establish British tradition. This issue, about marriage, is important to other ethnic and religious communities. Children of such unions can find themselves deprived of inheritance or other legal rights.I did a questionnaire on Muslims and non Muslims in Britain to try and find out what kind of problems Muslims might face when living here.Here is a pie chart showing the religion in which my interviewees belong to :Basically 50% of my interviewees are Muslims, and 50% of them are non-Muslims.I did my questionnaire on about 20 non Muslims and 20 Muslims, hoping to compare their view. Out of the 40 people, 22 were male and 18 were female. Here is a pie chart showing the age of the interviewees.I mainly concentrated on people age 15-20 because I feel that those are the people who go to secondary school and face most of the problems Ive mentioned so far in R3.None of the non Muslims I interviewed agreed with arranged marriage whereas the majority of the Muslims agreed with it! This shows thatIn conclusion, I think that Muslim teenagers do face many problems and difficulties. These problems can be solved, but this would take some time. The Government and people in Britain should recognise the problems they are facing and try to be more understanding towards them.

Van Hilleary essays

Van Hilleary essays In this years governor race, there are two candidates, Democratic nominee Phil Bredesen, and Republican nominee Van Hilleary. Both born into money and both good business men, and a good business man is what we need this term to help balance are state budget. Van Hilleary was born in Spring City, Tennessee in 1959. He first moved out of Spring City to attend college. He went to the University of Tennessee where he received his bachelors degree in business administration in 1981. Then nine years later he went back to school and got his degree from Cumberland School of Law at Samford University in Alabama. After he received his degree in 1981, he joined the United States Air Force. Hilleary served two volunteer tours of duty in the Persian Gulf, in 1990 and 91, during Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm. While in the Persian Gulf theater operations, Hilleary was a navigator on C-130 aircraft where he flew over 24 missions. He earned six medals and the Outstanding Unit Ribbon. He still remains in the Air Force Reserve with the rank of Major. After Van Hilleary finished his active service in the military he began to work. He became the director of planning and business development for SSM Industries. Which was a family owned textile manufacturing business in Rhea County, since 1980s. Just two months after arriving in Washington, in 1995, Van was the primary sponsor of one of the four term limits proposals considered by the House of Representatives. That was the first time since 1897 that a first-term Congressman brought a proposed Constitutional amendment to the floor for a house recorded vote. Hilleary was chosen Later that year, by the National Review magazine as one of the top 10 conservative newcomers to Congress. He has remained the congressman of the 4th district since 1994. ...

QUEEN CHRISTINA IN THE LIGHTS OF GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM Essay

QUEEN CHRISTINA IN THE LIGHTS OF GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM - Essay Example The movie shows us Queen Christina's personal desire for love and happiness and her affair with the Spanish Ambassador, Don Antonio De Pimentel. However, ultimately he dies leaving their love unfulfilled. Another aspect of the movie, which is of significance, is that Queen Christina wanted to be a human and not just some object, like women were treated in that time. Queen Christina displays German Expressionism, which was a kind of film movement and refers to the numerous interrelated artistic movements that had come about in Germany. Interweaving German Expressionist in the movies of the 1930's was an upcoming and new style, which was widely shown in many movies. Most of the developments, which took place in Germany, were due to this movement. A number of movies, including Queen Christina, served an important role in transporting the private emotions of a person in the open and thus, is intimately related to the concepts and ideas of the German Expressionism. As emphasized by German Expressionism the movie gives us emotional and extremely personal reactions. This movie uses many dark and light contrasts with tilted angles, exaggeration and dreamy atmospheres. In the early 19th century, most of the German films were copied from foreign films or were made for commercial usage. However, due to its intense success many other movies displaying expre ssionist style started appearing. After the First World War Germany faced confusion and unrest and there was hysteric misery everywhere. Social pressure created an atmosphere of terror. Queen Christina completely thrives on the continuous and always present fantastic, gruesome and mysterious element of terror. In addition, the film industry in Germany suffered a lot when the German economy was recovering. As inflation grew in Germany, films were very cheap and were easily sold in the foreign markets. However, with these upcoming Expressionist movies their budget raised making them a competition for the foreign movies. (Lamb, 2004) This movie also contains a number of elements of German Feminism. Throughout history, the story and lives of especially the women have been neglected to a larger amount. Their roles in various political matters, cultural and social changes have often been ignored. Queen Christina is feminist in the solid views that it has given. It gives us various views about bisexuality, female nobility and homosexuality. Queen Christina is one of the most appreciated movies of all times and gives us an insight to the personal and delicate struggle that women go through while trying to surpass the feelings she has towards a person whom society does not approve of. It shows us a delicate character of a very strong yet emotional woman facing many difficulties. Since it has portrayed bisexuals, the movie has often been criticized and disputed by a number of people. Queen Christina was one of the greatest movies in the wonderful era of silent movies. Although the movie contains elements of that time, it is amazingly ahead of time. It displays qualities of rich art at several levels. Queen Christina's secret love affair with the Spanish Ambassador served as a catalyst bringing up questions about Queen Christina's perspective, duty and also her

Juvenile Justice and Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Juvenile Justice and Policing - Essay Example . However, the types of cases and age of criminals are distinct factors in all systems. Despite the fact that juvenile cases include dependency, neglect, status offences, and delinquency, today, cases of neglect, dependency, and status offences are processed by family courts, while the juvenile courts process cases of delinquency. The juvenile justice system therefore comprises of the police subsystem, the judicial subsystem, the corrections subsystem, and the community-based subsystem, each with its own roles and personnel. To ensure fair legal handling of youth offenders the juvenile justice process is used. It comprises of four phases namely custody, intake, adjudication, and disposition, each of which has its own roles to play in the juvenile justice process. This paper gives a detailed discussion of the juvenile justice system and the juvenile justice process. Keywords: Juvenile, Youth, Cases, Juvenile Justice System, Crime, Offender, Delinquency, Juvenile Court, Juvenile Justic e Process, Police, Judiciary, Corrections, Community-based Institutions, Custody, Intake, Adjudication, Disposition Introduction Juvenile crimes and wrong treatment of children have a profound impact on the well-being of the society (Martin, 2005). Juvenile crimes in the United States are a major cause of national concern. In recent years, juvenile crimes have been on the rise, with about a quarter of the crimes in America being committed by suspects whose age is less than eighteen years. Delinquent behavior has been noticed to occur as youths go through the difficulties of adolescent life. It is during this time that they engage in relationships, dating, drinking, working, and learn to drive. For all children in the United States, the risks of growing up are increased by social developments. The chances of adolescents taking risks are increased by economic, social, and political problems in America. These include the inequalities of race, ethnicity, age, and class, individualism, t he uncertainties of modern social life such as lack of jobs, prominence of consumerism, and lack of real opportunities for people of low social standing. Siegel and Welsh point out that â€Å"about 1.5 million youths are now arrested each year for crimes ranging in seriousness from loitering to murder† (2011, p. 10). The juvenile justice system was established in order to handle crimes committed by young offenders. Despite the fact that they are interrelated, the system is different from the adult criminal justice system, especially in the way juvenile crimes are handled, and the legal and political actions taken. How the Juvenile Justice System Functions According to Martin, â€Å"the juvenile justice system is composed of institutions that have been organized to manage established procedures as a way to achieve justice for all juveniles† (2005, p. 4). Juvenile justice procedures in the United States differ according to states and even counties (Burfeind & Bartusch, 2 011). Burfeind and Bartusch mention that â€Å"each state has a separate juvenile justice system, and they are systems only in a limited sense† (2011, p. 295). The federal government has very minor involvement in the system of juvenile justice, due to the fact that juvenile crimes are usually violations of the laws of the states (Burfeind & Bartusch, 2011). However, the types of cases and age of criminals are distinct factors in all systems. The age of a

Computing security exam question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Computing security exam question - Essay Example PKI provides a powerful and robust environment to ensure security of consumer interests, transactions, and information. Stephen Wilson states that â€Å"It is well known that PKI’s successes have mostly been in closed schemes†. This paper will seek to assess and analyze the effectiveness of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is a schema that provides high level of security and confidentiality for Internet users that seek to engage in online transactions and e-commerce. It enables information and monetary transactions to be conducted in a safe and secure manner. A digital certificate is issued in order to recognize individuals and organizations. PKI utilizes public and private keys over the Internet in order to ensure high levels of authentication and privacy. The Internet presents valuable business opportunities for individuals and organization, but it also causes safety and veracity problems (Carlisle, 1999). PKI helps to provide supplementary levels of safety and veracity for online business transactions and e-commerce. The rapid growth of the Internet pushed the need for high levels of trust, confidentiality, and security. Several companies began to design security algorithms and protocols in order to ensure safe and secure transactions. Netscape designed the SSL proto col which allowed the use of digital certificates and security algorithms for safe business transactions over the Internet. PKI was dubbed to the ultimate security protocol and mechanism in the 1990s. A number of vendors began to operate in the environment seeking to create standards and procedures. However the hype over PKI was over by the start of the twenty first century as vendors began to register technical and operational problems over its implementation. The rapid proliferation of the Internet during the 1990s also raised concern about conviction and

The Emergence Of The Role Theory

The Emergence Of The Role Theory Role theory is a conceptual framework with long history in the field of Foreign policy analysis. In order to explain and understand the foreign policy of nation states, the role theory focuses on the reasoning of national political elites, their explanation of the international system and their own states role within this larger system. Despite its conceptual stringency, methodological openness and rich empirical applications, the role theory seems to be neglected by the main stream scholars. Role theory as we said is a long established conceptual tool for the foreign policy analysis. While the role theory analytical potential is high, only recently we have witnessed its revival. Role theory first attracted attention in the foreign policy literature after the publication of Holstis  [1]  study of national role conceptions. Role theory had been in development for nearly four decades in Sociology, Social Psychology and Anthropology by this time. Holsti didnt import much of the conceptual or theoretical language associated with role theory. He chose to focus on the simple idea that the Self, in this case the leaders of the state may hold a set of beliefs or images about the identity of the state. Also, a social psychologist of the sociological variety  [2]  suggested that Holstis article may well be an example where borrowing a theory has paid off. These national role conceptions were shaped the way that a state acted by it in the international system level. The objective of this paper is to present a role theory as a theoretical and conceptual tool for the analysis of the foreign policy. This paper will divide into parts. First part introduces the intellectual sources and inspiration of the role theory. The second part introduces the assumptions of the role theory, and then Ill mention the key concepts offered by the theoretical conceptual framework of the role theory. The third part summarizes the criticism of International Relations theorists towards formulation of the role theory. The fourth part explores briefly how we can integrate foreign policy analysis and international relation through role theory. The emergence of the Role Theory and its intellectual sources: Role theory was first introduced in 1970 by Kalevi Holsti in his article National Role Conceptions in the Study of Foreign Policy. In 1970, Holsti criticized the unnecessarily crude shape of the national roles and too strong pre occupation with national role types relevant to then structural conditions such as bloc, leader, satellites, allies, and non-aligned. Such typology ignores the great set of roles that smaller states play in the system and in different regions  [3]  . At a time of structuralism analysis of foreign policy, Holsti tries to refocus the attention of the discipline towards the domestic sources of foreign policy behavior. Role theory has been inspied by sociological and social psychological theories about the role of individual in the society  [4]  . Holsti drew heavily on Meads symbolic inter action  [5]  long before Wendt picked symbolic inter action as a core principle of his constructivist theory. Holsti relies on George H. Mead and his study of the impact of the behavior of others on an individuals self conceptions and his conceptual distinctions between the self and the change. Symbolic inter action remains the most important source of inspiration for role theorists up until today. Social psychological and sociological theories about the role of individual in the society are applied in the explanation of the behavior of the state. Role theorists argue that by providing the sense of purpose of the state in international community, national role conceptions concede the state with a sense of selfhood and identity. Without the sense of identity, individuals cant order their environments and they will find that the social behavior becomes difficult to understand and manage  [6]  . According to Chaftez, the same process occurs within the states. In this sense, role theory is just another example of anthropomorphic theory  [7]  . It is built around an anthropomorphic assumption that we can draw an analogy between individuals in the society and the state. This assumption some would say chicanery allows us to import social psychological and sociological theories into the disciplines of international relations and foreign policy analysis. At the same time the role theory steers clear of the trap of treating states as some kind of unitary actors. After explaining the origin of role theory and knowing the main scholars and intellectuals ideas of the theory. Ill explain the main assumptions that theory depend on. Theoretical assumption of the role theory: This part tries to identify the assumptions of the role theory which are the epistemological and ontological and its position in contemporary theoretical debates. The starting point is the classification of approaches to the study of foreign policy by Walter Carlsnaes  [8]  . In line with the categories developed by Hollis and Smith  [9]  , Carlsnaes distinguishes four basic approaches to the study of foreign policy according to their epistemological assumptions which are objectivism versus interpretativism and ontological assumptions versus individualism. Objectivist holistic approach such as various strands of realism and neo realism offer a structural perspective on the foreign policy. Objectivist individualist approaches such as bureaucratic politics approaches and liberal approach see the foreign policy from the agency based perspective. On the intersection between holism and interpretativism lie the approaches such as: social constructivism or discursive approaches representing the social institutional perspective. Hollis and Smith distinguish explanation and understanding as two basic epistemological positions. Explanatory approach is inspired by natural sciences and looks for causal relations within the social reality. On the other side interpretivists rely on reconstructing inter subjective meaning of that structure for the subjects of interests. The goal of interpretativism is to reconstruct and understand the way people make sense of the social reality and on this ground understand the behavior of individuals and groups. While some authors argue that the two theoretical questions are interrelated as ontological position predestined the epistemological choice  [10]  , Carlsnaes agrees with Hollis and Smith that ontology doesnt entail epistemology and thus we can distinguish four basic combinations of theoretical perspectives. After that, itll be better to explain the meaning of the two assumptions which are epistemology and ontology in details to form the whole image in our minds about the role theory. Epistemology The epistemological position of the role theory is quite clear according to Carlsnaes. It is an example of interpretative perspective. Role theory seems to favor domestic sources of foreign policy and at the same time given its roots in symbolic interactionism, role theory produces interpretative knowledge rather than casual explanations. Role theory allows us to reconstruct the meaning attributed to national role by the domestic elite individual national foreign policy makers  [11]  . Carlsnaes classification shows the original analytical intentions of those who formulate the role theory. According to Stephen Walker, role theory offers a thick description. The theoretical function of role theory isnt codifying abstract regularities but to make thick description possible, not to generalize across cases but to generalize within them. In line with its epistemological underlying, role theory is more suitable for answering the How possible questions rather than the Why questions. Role theory follows the principles of interpretative which examine the background of social and digressive practices and meanings which make possible the foreign policy practices as well as the social actors themselves, how meanings are produced and attached to various social subjects and objects thus constituting particular interpretive disposition which create certain possibilities and exclude others. Ontology Walter Carlsnaes, following Hollis and Smith distinguishes two basic ontological positions: holism and individualism. Holism holds that the effects of social structures cant be reduced to independently existing agents and their interactions, and that these effects include the construction of agents in both causal and constitutive senses  [12]  . The dynamics of social systems can always be tracked to the evolutionary changes on the level of self reproducing structures  [13]  . On the other side individualists claim that individuals are ontologically primary, all social phenomena as institutions, norms and cultue are intended or unintended consequences of aggregated behavior of the individuals. Social scientific explanations should be reducible to the properties or interactions of independently existing individuals. Walter Carlsnaes puts the role theory unambigously into the individualist box. The role theoretical analyzes focus on the reasoning of individual national foreign policy makers. Role theory exemplifies the bottom up individualist interpretative approach which is concerned to understand decisions from the standpoint of the decision makers by reconstructing their reasons. Holsti and most of the empirical applications of his conceptual framework didnt incorporate role prescriptions of external expectation and their empirical analyses focus solely on the domestic sources of national roles. Conceptual framework of the role theory: Its better to divide the concepts of the role theory into three categories which are: National role conceptions, which are better one role or many roles and other concepts of the role theory. National role conceptions Role theory explains the foreign policy behavior by exploring the roles played by individual countries in international level. The conceptual framework of the role theory has evolved through time as new concepts have been added. The key concept of the role theory is national role conception introduced by Holsti. He defines the national role conception as the policymakers have definitions of the general kinds of decisions, commitments, rules and actions suitable to their state and its the function of any state that should perform on a continuing basis in the international system or in subordinate regional systems. Its the image of the appropriate orientations or functions of their state or in the external environment  [14]  . This definition has been widely accepted by other role theorists. For example Ulrich Krotz thirty years later defines the national role conceptions as domestically shared views and understandings regarding the proper role and purpose of ones own state as a so cial collectivity in the international arena  [15]  . National role conceptions induce preferences and motivate wills, goals and actions. Often interests and policies that derive from National role conceptions are viewed as normal and right within the respective country. According to Le Prestre, the articulation of a national role betrays preferences, operations of an image of the world, triggers expectations and influences the definition of the situation and of the available options  [16]  . At the same time, national role conceptions make certain interests and policy options intuitively implausible, categorically exclude them as wrong or unacceptable or make them unthinkable. National role conceptions are a product of domestic socialization processes and they give meaning and purpose to the foreign policy. One role or many roles Glen Chafetz notes that actors usually have multiple roles that various in overall importance centrality and according to the situation salience. This argument is supported by Holstis original empirical analysis. He confirms that on the lowest level of a day to day politics actors normally have several different roles in the international system and its subsystems. Role theory reflects the arguments made by James March and Johan Olsen that humans maintain a repertoire of roles and identities each providing rules of appropriate behavior in situations for which they are relevant  [17]  . On the other side some researchers adopt the single role assumption that the foreign policy as such is on the highest plane guided by a shared, historically constituted role vision of a national mission which is relatively stable and coherent across time, context and circumstances. The analysis of such dominant, overarching shared view, understanding regarding the proper role and purpose of ones own state as a social collectivity in the international arena can be challenged for being overly generalizing. By looking for common thing in the national elites world views and visions of the national mission, we get that one inevitably puts aside differences in the political elites foreign policy priorities. On the other side the single role assumption allows us to trace and explain patterns in the foreign policy of the state and identify ideas discourse shared even among national politicians with different political preferences in foreign policy making. Other concepts of the role theory Even though the national role conception represents the key concept of the role theory it isnt the only concept. While the national role conception is an egos own conception of his position and function, the term role prescription has been introduced to capture the alters prescriptions. Holsti defined role prescriptions as norms and expectations cultures, societies, institutions or groups attach to particular positions. Role prescriptions emanate from the external environment. In the constructivist language role prescriptions are interred subjectively shared norms and expectations which form the social structure of the international system. Even though the term role prescriptions has been introduced in the role theory since its very beginning, the structural source of the role prescriptions has been sidelined and hardly utilized in role theoretical empirical analyzes. It took some time before role theorists acknowledged the analytical value of the role prescriptions and of the struct ural dimension of the role theory. Contemporary role theorists not only acknowledge on a theoretical level that roles are determined both by an actors own conceptions about appropriate behavior and by the expectations or role prescriptions of other actors but they include role prescriptions into the design of their empirical analyses. The inclusion of the role prescriptions into the research design is in line with the tenets of symbolic interactionism and with the constructivist arguments that roles are institutionalized in social structure. Stephen Walker a Sheldon Simon introduced another structural concept into the framework of the role theory: role set  [18]  . Role sets can be defined as a set of actors positioned as significant others and the web of mutual roles in the system. It is a web of mutual expectations which according to Walker and Simon represent a dynamic and interconnected system. The last term is national role performance. National role performance denotes concrete foreign policy decisions and actions. National role performance encompasses the attitudes decisions and actions governments take versus other actors in order to implement the role. Empirical analyzes relying on the concept national role conceptions usually rely on the single role assumption, they try to discover domestically shared ideas about the purpose and role of the state in international arena and they try to illustrate. The term role set is simply denoting the set of roles played by a particular state versus the spectrum of other actors explain the continuity in the foreign policy behavior of national role performance. On the other side analyzes operationalizing the concept of role prescriptions are better equipped to capture and explain changes in roles and role performance of foreign policy behavior. For example: Walker and Simon claim that actors do from time to time experience role conflict. Role conflict is defined as a situation in which multiple roles are elicited by competing or conflicting expectations, cues and conceptions. This conflict can have the form of a clash between contradicting national role conceptions and role prescriptions or as a clash between two competing role prescriptions. Walker and Simon convincingly argue that the structure of the role set is a product of this role location process as countries enact roles and attempt to cope with role conflict. If individual member of the system in an attempt to solve his own role conflict and changes the role he plays in the system then the whole role set changes as other members of the change their roles and expectations in respons e. The criticism of the role theory: In line with Carlsnaes classification of the role theory as an individualist interpretative approach, International Relation constructivists treat the role theory as an actor based perspective. Alexander Wendt who praises the role theory for introducing symbolic inter actionism into the field criticizes Holsti for emphasizing the agentic role taking side of the equation at the expense of the structural, role constituting side which strips the concept of role of much of its interest. Similarly Audie Klotz criticizes Holsti for excessive focus on individual motivation and cognition at for ignoring the congruence in shared norms which form the backbone of dominant ideas and knowledge. To summarize the critique, International Relation constructivists castigate the role theory for orientation on subjective rather than inter subjective ideas. Role theory seems to forget that national identity and role is not only about inner experience of the state in elite national role conceptions but al so about the structure of expectations of the wider international environment role prescriptions. Wendt and other critics are to some extent different and right. The theoretical and conceptual model introduced by Holsti in fact incorporates not only actor centered national role conceptions domestically shared visions about the role and purpose of the state in international arena but also structural role prescriptions expectations of others. But this socio psychological theoretical model wasnt fully translated into Holstis design for a foreign policy analysis. Even though role the agent society relationship plays a crucial role in the original Meads social psychological theory, Holsti depreciated the impact of society on the formation of national roles in the international context. In his words the expectations of other governments, legal norms expressed through custom, general usage, treaties and available sanctions to enforce. These are ill defined, flexible and weak compared to those that exist in an integrated society and particularly within formal organizations. In a rather n eorealist he also refers to the lack of institutions, acute international conflict and the fact of sovereignty as the factors behind the precedence of policymakers role conceptions over externally derived role expectations. Here lies the rift between Holsti on one side and the English School and constructivist IR on the other side which has been reproduced in some of the empirical analyses. Integration of FPA and IR through Role Theory: Role theory has an intermittent presence in the study of foreign policy analysis, though it is unfamiliar to scholars in international relations. Yet it is uniquely suited to integrate IR and FPA. Role theory is premised on explaining and understanding the interaction between agents and structure. This may sound familiar to constructivist IR scholars. Role theory tends to focus on the agent structure debate from a slightly different, albeit complementary and vantage point. Foreign policy analysis and International Relation scholars operate within different analytical traditions. Whereas the former consider the individual to be the ground of International Relation theory, the latter are more apt to proceed from a system level orientation. To be more precise, Foreign policy analysis scholars often use role theory informed by social psychology while International Relation scholars are more firmly grounded in constructivist principles borrowed from sociology. There is a geographical divide: the former group of scholars is more prevalent in the United States, whereas the latter tend to be located in Europe and elsewhere in the world. Both groups use methods of analysis and standards of evidence that are in keeping with their separate traditions. Some suggest that theories of International Relations cant also be theories of foreign policy. However, others have argued that there is no logical barrier to such a synthesis  [19]  . We believe that role theory offers the potential for integration, possibly and synthesis. Foreign Policy Analysis generally as well as cognitive approaches specifically and International Relation theory generally as well as constructivism specifically stand to benefit from the results of dialogue between the formers largely agent based role theory and the latters largely system based agent structure debate. Although fully synthesizing the two fields may not be feasible, there is so much common ground that bridging the divide between these two traditions not only brings them closer together but also advances knowledge in both Foreign Policy Analysis and International Relations theory. Indeed some efforts aimed at synthesis can already be identified. Consider for example: Maulls work on the civilian power role of Germany and Japan and Harnischs subsequent efforts to place Germanys civilian power role in a constructivist International Relations framework. These two scholars demonstrate the potential for a synthesis of Foreign Policy and International Relations through role theory. Roles like the civilian power role make intuitive sense to policymakers and offer great potential to translate Foreign Policy and International Relations theory into meaningful policy relevant advice.

Ghost Stories Essay -- Literary Analysis, James, Gothic Tradition

Ghost stories are a truly timeless form of literature, the ghost, like death, has no end. Stories of the supernatural date back to early ancient manuscripts involving mythology, legend, and religion. The past few centuries have seen the supernatural flourish in Gothic romanticism through tales of fantastic creatures, demonic forces, and parallel dimensions (Scarborough). Interest in the immaterial has provoked many stories involving the interaction between the living and the returned dead. The well-engineered ghost stories of M.R. James encompass these settings and satisfy the appetite for eerie skin tingling reactions. James's narrative technique and folkloric superstitions in â€Å"the mezzotint†are aimed at involving and engaging the reader's awareness, imagination, and psyche. The realistic settings, supernatural elements, and sensational fiction that is doused in mystery, builds anticipation. James's clear an intelligent knowledge of human nerves elicits fear, excitement, and curiosity through imagery, the uncanny, and subtle suggestions that transform into personal supernatural experiences. The oratory nature of James's stories bring the characters and the drama to life and elevates fear in the reader with â€Å"disembodied texuality . . . fearing that these words on the page might spring to life† (Mulbey-Roberts 236). In contrast to supernatural Gothic tradition, James's short stories shy away from the elaborate romanticism and concentrate on basic elements of fear such as realism and victimization. The narrative style of James's â€Å"The Mezzotint† is similar to the original delivery of his ghost stories. With elements of direct speech, and candid conversation, the narrator awakens the readers awareness by controlling and regulating... ...rom the fear continues as the narrator states that the picture still hangs in the Ashliean Museum. James employs many techniques when he engages the reader. What is especially fascinating is that he makes it look effortless and the approach effectively intrudes upon the reader's emotions. The literary devices and compelling use of narrative works in unison to provoke fear, anxiety, and terror. In truly timeless tradition, James's ghost stories solicit eerie, supernatural settings that entice the reader into a realm of horror. James's well crafted encounters victimize the reader by invading their consciousness and imagination; while using realistic settings and believable characters he builds a rapport with the reader and uses it to his advantage. James is a master in his artistry and his stories will continue to be frightening for generations to come.

The Building Of Brand (Nike)

This shoe placed Nikkei on the map, and after it came out, all other brands had to offer similarly shock-absorbent soles. In 1972, Phil Knight (Nines founder and current CEO), was able to convince several marathoners to wear Nikkei shoes during the Olympic trials in Eugene, Oregon, where the company started. Later, Nikkei ran a campaign saying that â€Å"Nines were worn by four of the top seven finishers†. Sponsorship had begun. In October 1 982, Nikkei aired its first three national television ads, during the broadcast of the New York City Marathon.They ran TV commercials cause back then it was so easy to target their audience: most of them would be watching the marathon. There were fewer channels and fewer media outputs. About Nikkei & Product Positioning Nikkei was named after the Greek goddess for ‘Victory'. Today, it dominates the global sports footwear market. The company started focusing on making running shoes, but over time they became associated with the athlet e subculture, which allowed them to expand into other areas. They learned they had to stay within the athletic category though -they tried selling everyday shoes and it didn't work out.Currently, it's the largest seller of athletic footwear and athletic apparel in the world, with over 700 stores worldwide, over 40,000 employees and generating more than $21 billion a year in sales. It's recognized everywhere by their trademark â€Å"swoosh† logo. History Brand Overview Nikkei advertising has become one of the most effective emotional branding examples in the marketing world today. They use the old technique of Heroism to inspire customer loyalty all over the world: the battle is between our lazy side and our healthy side. Our laziness is the villain, and we become the heroes.We all see the hero in ourselves, and therefore this message appeals to everyone on the planet. The brand strategy isn't to make you think you need Nikkei gear in order to succeed, but that you actually wa nt it because you succeed. The product is downplayed, and the ego of the customer is lifted up. The Product Dream We are all athletes. We are all heroes. We achieve great things. We win, every single battle. Garage Newell talks about a 5-step formula, that he claims is present in every Nikkei commercial, and it shows the hero overcoming great struggles. That's the promise: you are a winner, that's why you choose Nikkei.

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buy custom Car Audio essay Entertainment has remained one of the most valuable things in life. Everyone wants to feel entertained at all times and anywhere, including in the car. Listening to music, watching videos or any other audio forms of records as Mp3s is are some of the basic undertakings that are used to ensure that one is entertained. Many people opt for fixing car audio into their automobiles to achieve this. Despite the fact that cars usually have an already fitted audio system, some people go ahead to change it and fix new ones that they feel comfortable with. To many, music has been the driving force behind such efforts. Some people look for systems that are loud enough while others prefer installing systems that are cool in nature. This depends on individual tastes and preferences. Therefore, car audio systems have different characteristics associated with them. These characteristics or properties make audio systems either necessary or unnecessary depending on how people perceive them. This paper seeks to evaluate different issues surrounding car audio, in relating to its pros and cons. Therefore, it presents the issue on car audio in an argumentative manner, seeking to expound on unethical and the unethical issues associated with car audio systems. Finally, it will be evident whether car audio is necessary or not. Much is expected from evaluating the car audio topic. Firsts, a lot will be learnt in relation to what are the advantages and disadvantages of car audio of different properties. In addition, the best ways to install these systems will also be learnt, thus acquiring sufficient knowledge about car audio systems. The research will also educate on many issues associated with loud sound music. Some of the sources used for this research are talking about how to select the best system based on different reasons. This implies that they look at the good and the bad about different options. The History of Car Audio According to a motor website, Auto, the first mobile car audio device was manufactured in the 1930 by the Galvin brother s, Paul, and Joseph Galvin. The two were able to produce the pioneer gadget through the Galvin manufacturing corporation, which the co owned. This firs car audio device was a radio, named Motorola. A Blaupunkt in 1952 and latter by stereo and FM in the 1960s followed the Motorola radio (Unknown Author). However, according to Erb, attempt to integrate new broadcasting devices in cars begun as early as 1920s when portable battery radios were installed in cars. Iconic figures behind the early attempts include George frost, who adapted and installed a radio in his Ford-T-Model in 1922. Mass production of car radios started probably in late 1920s when companies like the American Mohawk corp. produced the Batt. 115-1926. Development of the car audio devices progressed through the 1950s when AM car radios were common (Kerry 92). The 8-tape player came in the 1960s followe d by the cassettes in the 70s. The cassettes became more popular and wiped out the 8-tape players but to replace soon after by car radios that could pick FM signals. The FM car radios had fantastic sound qualities than the AM receivers. In 1984, two electronics giants Philips and Sony introduced the first ever car CD players, which was subsequently replaced by the automatic CD changers. During this period, the CDs were being used in cars together with the cassettes. However, the overall face of the car audio industry was revolutionized in 2000s apple introduced portable gadgets like the iPod, which could be fixed in a car (Kerry, 119). This was accompanied by rapid development of the complete audio system ranging from speakers to amplifiers. This cascade in developments of the car audio devices indicates that it is necessary to have them in a car. The efforts put in by various organizations cannot be used to justify the negative effects of car audio. This is because, at least it has been used for a long time meaning that its pros are heavier that the cons, thus necessitating the need have these systems in cars even to hitherto. The Use of a Car Audio Car audio systems are the best source of entertainment while driving or even for other people on board a vehicle. Most people consider having the best audio system immediately after they buy their cars, perhaps to ensure that they get the best in terms of sound quality. However, the biggest question remains whether ones need the stereo systems in his or her car or not. Since music is, an emotional phenomenon, one does not need to be a music enthusiast to enjoy it. This implies that one can enjoy music played in their cars, whether loud or indifferent. Therefore, the answerer on whether to have a car audio system installed is obviously yes. In line with this, not only music can be listened to while in the car. Other items such as news can be listened too. A car audio system serves as an information source tool. This is because it enables one to get different information. This can be used to mean that a car's audio systems should be treated as a necessity rather that a luxury because i t acts as an information tool. However, it is worth insisting that music can be detractive at some point, the fact that it sometimes engages individual emotions is in itself a critical issue. This means that car audio may as well serve as an object that can interfere with alertness while on the road, especially when one is driving. In addition, not every one may enjoy the type of music played in a car especially for public service vehicles. This means that fitting the car with whatever music system is less weighty. The cast that come along purchasing a car audios system is sometimes high. Therefore, there is the need to consider the cost before selecting a particular one. According to a complaints board, a car audio system is not something that one should spend too much money on. This because one may end up buying an expensive system only to realize they can help them anymore. Such eventualities are caused b lack of information while purchasing such systems. In addition, one may decide to sell his or her car sooner than expected. This means that the money used in installing an expensive system will have been lost in a broader sense. However, such effects can be shielded by including the expenses incurred into the price one intends to sell his or her automobile. In addition, the systems can be replaced with another one prior to selling, and latter reselling the system separately. Such possibilities may it necessary to install an expensive car audio system without the worry of losing upon resale of a car. Most people have been victims of ignorance about why a car audio system in necessary. The cost of purchasing has dominated many peoples minds thus hindering them from utilizing the benefits that come with such systems. According to Gitundu, the question of whether to have a car audio system is an age old. This is simply because a car cannot be complete without an audio system. This is true because everyone seem to agree. The fact that all manufactures fix an audio system prior to selling cars is evident that it is insensitive to drive a soundless car. If a car is designed without such a system, then boredom would be the order of the day when driving. Apart from being fearfully silent, a car lacks the psychological importance of learning from what we listen to. As already mentioned, music or any other audio information played may have an impact on our lives. Therefore, failure to listen to the inspirational music or talks can deny one a chance learns things that could feed their imagi nations and result in some personal development. All these reasons support the view of why a car should have an audio system, whether ordinary or complicated. Contrary to this argument, not everyone will play suitable material in our systems. This means that what we listen while driving could be detrimental too. However, this cannot be in any way a substantial reason to assert that audio systems in a car are unnecessary. After all, the choice of the material to listen depends of individual choices. Cost of Car Audio According to Doug Newcomb, Mike Mettler (p. 11), most people would prefer going for the most expensive systems. However, such individuals only come to learn of their inability to have the system due to the reality of their financial situations. Therefore, one needs to be fully aware of the financial repercussion of buying a system because some of them are extremely expensive. The price factor portrays the need to have an audio system fitted into the car irrelevant. This is because there are other cheaper alternative audio systems that are cheap compared to others. This means that one can choose to go for them and avoid expensive ones. The most notable thing is to hear what comes from the system and not how it comes out of the system. Cheaper options are thus the best options when it comes to purchasing such systems. On the other hand, it is arguably true to say that, expensive systems are cheap.A crucial thing about car audio systems in that one does not have to buy everything at once. This implies that they can be purchased in turns, par by part until a whole system is assembled (Newcomb and Mettler 12). One can start by buying a head unit to power the speakers, followed by amplifier, speakers, and eventually subwoofers. This purchasing model ensures that one gets his or her car fitted with the best audio system without financial struggles. The reason behind the cost of installing an audio system in a car can be dissolved this way since one can take as long as they want to install a quality system. In fact, Newcomb and Mettler give an example of a guideline, which one can use to allocate and procure different portions of a system (13). The amplifier should cost about 40%, speakers 30%; head unit 20% and finally 10% should go to accessories. These allocations can enable one to pan well financial ly, and thus go progressively to a perfectly powerful audio system. Therefore, the cost should not be a bother and anybody should feel free to go for any system of his or her choice. A costly car audio system may also attract unnecessary attentions. Some of the attention could be harmful while other may bring the feeling of pride. Some cars cannot even be driven on the streets because they are so much pimped with expensive items (Yoder, 1: Newcomb Mettler, 12). This means that such car require a lot of security surveillance as it may attract the wrong attention; of course from thieves. For instance, considering a competition car whose amplifiers or even speakers are coated with gold, it is obvious that some ill-minded people will try stealing the gold. This implies that the audio system has served as a negative instead of a positive tool. However, Yoder posits that there is no need of buying too expensive systems that can increase e chances of being robbed (16). Instead, one should go for cheaper but efficient system that will equally serve well than the expensive ones. Therefore, the issue of avoiding installing superb audio systems in the cars because of the pr ice and attention they would bring should not be a factor to say that they are unnecessary. Some audio systems have security features that come with them. For instance, some have a removable head unit that can be carried in the pocket when the owner of a car is always or in dangerous environments. The removable head carries the basic control systems of a car meaning that it portability minimizes theft. In addition, modern systems have a security code, which makes them useless to anybody intending to use them without the security code. Although the two security measures are becoming less popular, more advanced security techniques are being developed to safeguard car audio systems especially the expensive ones. According to Yoder (17), the most convenient safety tool is using detachable faceplate. This is because its removal disables the entire system thus thieves will not see any value in the system. Such security applications make the systtems safe for use, meaning that installing tem should not be a problem. Choosing a System for a Car Many people value the aesthetic value of a car audio system as much as they value the sound. Therefore, there are other critical considerations to put in place in order to choose the best system. For instance, one has to understand the actual reason why they are going for certain systems. This is because the market is saturated with a variety of audio systems that can be used to serve a different purpose. Some are designed for fun while others are designed in more or less an executive design. According to Newcomb and Mettler, an automobile that is used to transport people should not go for a flashy audio system (12). This is because not everybody using the motor vehicle could be interested to viewing your system for any reason. Beside, no one could even ever notice it because its location is not conducive to the vehicle users site. This means that such automobile should be fitted with ordinary systems that are not shouting too much. This means that audio systems will be necessary in such a scenario, but the intended purpose has to be considered. On the other hand, a personal car has not deterrent reasons as to why they should not be fitted with flashy audio systems. This could be for enjoyment reasons especially when going for shows and other forms of luxurious outings. This crates a sense of elf satisfaction and fashion too. Effects of Car Audio Systems Since it is clear that car audio systems are meant to produce some sound, whether loud or not, it has some effects among the people. Loud noise can cause either temporary or permanent loss of hearing. This implies that the affected individual cannot individual may have lost his or her hearing ability completely, or can hear properly. Shockingly, either of this conditions could be result even one has been exposed to loud noise for any duration (Gelfand 63). This means that exposure to loud music can cause either of these effects. Medics have indicated that loud noise cause loss of hearing by damaging the ear stereocilia, a portion of the ear found in the cochlea, which harbors a critical fluid that enables hearing (71). Stressing of this vital structure by loud noise is responsible for the detracted hearing mechanisms of hearing. Car audio systems are some of the devises that can cause loud noise when adjusted to high volumes thus subjecting to ear damage. This is because some people prefer listening to loud music, oblivious of the biological effects it can bring. In addition, such loud sounds affect not only the individual in the car, but also other people are near. For instance, many people are likely to be affected when a single car in a traffic jam plays loud music. Unfortunately, sound cannot be physically blocked and will thus affect anybody within the areas it is heard (Vermeer and Passchier 125). Other health effects f loud noise include stress, tinnitus, vasoconstriction, and hypertension, all of which can be fatal to our lives (Gelfand, 70). Association of such serious conditions with a loud noise is just like suggesting that car audio kills, though indirectly. This may be used to mean tha t an audio system in a car is unnecessary. However, the biological damages such as those caused to the years are based on the sound characteristic of whether it is loud or not. This means that sound levels can be regulated, kept low and optimal, thus pacifying the biological assertions associated with loud music. In some art of the world, the issue of unnecessary sounds coming from cars has been taken particularly seriously to the extent of stabling laws the control it. For instance, the United States Supreme Court has granted local authorities the power to restrict sound levels. This effort is mainly geared towards protecting people from different negative effects associated with loud music. This concern led to what was known as the 'big bass car stereo phenomenon in California, which began in the 1980s (Barnet Burriss, 243). This was after it emerged that the higher stereo ordinances had high frequencies, which affected people negatively by causing annoyance and stress. Therefore, the law, which came into effect in January 1, 1990, made it illegal to operate a car emitting noise that can be heard over a distance of fifty feet. The issues of loud noise coming from car stereos were of immense concern to many people. This is because similar laws were formulated in the south, Midwest, and coas tal regions of the US (244). Although there is much concern on the effects caused by the car audio systems, it is incorrect to assert that they should not be installed in automobiles. The debatable issue remains whether they should be loud or not. Since there are already existing noise pollution laws in different parts of the world, the only thing that should be done is enforcing these laws. This means ensuring that the noise lees are fixed at reasonable limits and restricted to certain areas. With proper regulation mechanisms, it is will easier to justify why car audio device should be installed in automobiles. In conclusion, the decision whether to have a car audio system or not is entirely based on personal preferences. However, having a sound system in a car is extremely valuable. It has a number of benefits ranging from entertainment to learning. Although car audio systems have the main disadvantage of being noisy, they cannot be ruled out as unacceptable. It is worth noting that the sound levels emanating from a car depends on the users. This implies that people should be help individually accountable to the noise, if they chose to put on music with extreme sounds. The assumptions of the systems are noisy cannot thus not be used to generalize inadmissibility of such devices in cars. The car audio systems have a rich historical background. This shows man has always wanted to feel entertained even when driving thus necessitating the installations of such gadgets. Buy custom Car Audio essay

Social Media Analysis Assignment Essays - Snoop Dogg, Free Essays

Social Media Analysis Assignment Essays - Snoop Dogg, Free Essays Social Media Analysis Assignment Social Media Analysis Assignment February 17, 2015 From music, to clothing, beverages, the internet, movies and much more; Snoop Dogg has definitely turned himself not only into a household name but a world wide brand. Snoop has been in the entertainment business for over two decades and has consistently remained relevant. In the 2000s as social media started to become the leading way for people to connect, Snoop took charge and has become a social media advocate keeping him as current as teen-sensations and pop-star-phenomenons. Through mixtures of social platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram, Snoop Dogg has been able to create a conversation and buzz around his music as well as grow his fan base and brands. Snoop Dogg started his career as a rapper in 1992. After years of being under other record labels, he branched out in 1996 and started his own record label titled Doggy Style Records. This provided him the freedom he needed to work with other brands and develop who he was as an artist and how he would be represented. He currently has an alcoholic beverage named Blast, a clothing line entitled Serious Pimps, a cigar called Executive Branch, and is still releasing albums and being featured in television shows and films. Obviously campaigns and advertisements are made for each product Snoop owns, but his ties to social media help him create buzz and show his consumer and fans what he is currently releasing. Snoop has millions of fans on each of his social media sites; He is known for posting daily and responding to fans comments and post. His approach to interaction with his followers is to consider them family. In an interview Snoop Dogg did with Entrepreneur.com he explains his strategy as so, I dont consider them just 'fans.' Rather, I call them his "family. My recipe is just being me: I'm up front; I'm up close and personal. My fans don't have a wall between me and them." This methodology keeps the interaction two ways, which is the best way to utilize social media. He understands that social media has changed the relationship between companies and consumers, he continuously posts on all platforms and encourages other artist to be on social medias. In order to improve his promotions efficiently Snoop allied with Los Angeles base marketing firm Cashmere Agency to help him keep his online presence consistent and growing and to properly execute the 8 stages of listening in social media. Together they have been able to keep Snoops brand on top of trends and developments and to keep continual revenue flowing in. The approach of Snoop giving his audience an inside look at his life as well as frequently posting video content and new material keeps the fans wanting more. Building a relationship and trust will keep the people buying from you. Snoop Dogg had this to say on the trust topic, Thats way more important nowadays to me because thats what the industry is broken down into trust(askaaronlee.com, 2015) People who dont trust you wont buy from you. Understanding how to efficiently utilize social media is essential in todays business market. Knowing that todays consumer want to feel as if they have a voice in the companies and brands they follow is key to todays successful businesses. Snoop has changed with the times and knows he must stay consistent and cohesive. To be most effective, you have to have a real commitment to putting up content and messaging on a regular basis, you have to listen to your buyers ideas, thoughts take into consideration they disapprovals and criticism, at times those factors can make or break your business. Snoop never joined social medias to build attention, he already had that, and he joined to build a relationship with his fans. If used properly Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and other social media sites can allow you to build a voice and persona for your brand. Resource List A Lesson in Social Media from Snoop Dogg. (2011, October 11). Retrieved February 18, 2015, from entrepreneur.com/blog/220502 The 8 stages of listening - Social Media Analytics. (2009, November 16). Retrieved February 18, 2015, from https://willscullypower.wordpress.com/2009/11/16/the-8-stages-oflistening/ Ask Aaron Lee. (2015, January 1). Retrieved February 18, 2015, from http://askaaronlee.com/snoop-dogg-twitter-social-media/ 52

Energy Harvesting Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Energy Harvesting - Dissertation Example Energy harvesting, therefore, can be defined as â€Å"The process in which energy is captured from a system’s environment and converted into usable electric power† (Maxim, 2011). The law of conservation of energy is the basis for energy harvesting. Energy can be converted from one form to another and the total amount of energy in an isolated system remains the same (Clark, 2004). Therefore, energy whether in form of wind, kinetic, chemical and others can be converted to electrical energy. 2. METHODS OF HARVESTING ENERGY Energy harvesting produces electric energy from ambient energy sources, present in large and small systems. Recovering a fraction of this energy can have a significant economic and environmental impact. These systems widely vary in sizes. On the macro scale, hydro electricity, tidal power, solar panels and wind turbines can produce MegaWatts. On a smaller scale, immediately available energy such as vibration, heat and light energy can be used to produce milliWatts. A typical energy harvesting system converts energy from the source and stores that energy. Capacitors are used in large scale systems, whereas, batteries are used in small scale systems for storage of energy. ... Photovoltaic cells, which are made up of silicon are used to convert solar energy into electricity. Most of these photovoltaic cells operate at an efficiency of less than 15 % (Asimov, 1969). The maximum theoretical efficiency attainable, however, is only 32.3 % (Clark, 1974). Solar energy is also indirectly used to produce electricity by concentrated solar power plants. The solar collectors are used to concentrate or focus sunlight onto a receiver that heats a liquid to produce steam, which in turn is used to produce electricity in the same way coal or fossil fuel plants do. 2.2 Wind Energy Wind turbines are used to harvest electrical energy from the wind. The wind passes over the blades of wind turbines, which in turn produces a turning force. The rotating blades turn the shaft which passes through the gearbox. The gearbox increases the rotational speed for the generator. The generator uses magnetic fields to convert the rotational energy harvested from the wind into electrical ene rgy. Wind farms, which are clusters of wind turbines, are used to harvest electrical energy from wind. The minimum wind speed for generating electricity is 4-5 m/s and the theoretical maximum power that can be extracted from the wind is 59.3 %. In reality this figure is usually around 45 % maximum for a large turbine. Wind energy has great potential for energy harvesting in the future and even smaller turbines (50-150 watts) are available for household connection (Golding, 1976). Energy harvested from the wind largely depends on siting of the wind farm. 2.3 Hydroelectric Hydroelectric systems create energy by harvesting energy by force of water. Water is collected in a dam or a reservoir. The water near the bottom of the reservoir is forced by the pressure of the water above it to be

Management Project Economic Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management Project Economic Analysis - Essay Example The process has a byproduct of poly-di-isopropyl-benzene, which is easily separated by fractionation section. The byproduct is produced by an additional reactor. In order to attain a lower cost and higher purity, recycle streams are used in the process. Further, temperature regulation is essential since the reaction occurs at high temperatures.  The process has a byproduct of poly-di-isopropyl-benzene, which is easily separated by fractionation section. The byproduct is produced by an additional reactor. In order to attain a lower cost and higher purity, recycle streams are used in the process. Further, temperature regulation is essential since the reaction occurs at high temperatures.   With reference to economic analysis, FCI has a total of 16.53 M$ that comprises of 14.53 M$ ISBL and 2.0 M$ OSBL. As such, cash flow statement indicates that the payments will be rendered in full amounts within three years. Both the furnace and heat exchanger use ISBL while the feed tank uses OSB L. The impact of net present value (NPVO) on CumCF in a period of 3.2 years is 150.72 M$ and NPV 12 with an interest of 15% is 552.46 M$. The IRR is 24.28 % with a payback of 3.2 years, which implies that this project is viable and profitable.   Considering economic sensitivities, FCI changes because of utilities and product price. From the information gathered, this project is profitable since the involved product is worth and FCI is low in terms of the cost of the product and raw material. The quantitative comparison indicates that changes in product price and FCI are critical and sensitive.   In conclusion, this project is sensitive to product price changes, as well as FCI changes. However, the project is viable and profitable. Nevertheless, there is a need to gather economic information on Cumene price changes and establish the demand for the product. For now, there is a need to increase the production rate of the product.