Defining Rural Literacies

Defining country-bred LiteraciesThe terminus country-bred literacies whoremonger agitate up a word form of images-that of a young woman breeding students of mixed ages and grades in the one-room schoolho subroutine, a bring out wife mending socks or preparing meals by the fireside, the farmer working(a) in bucolic knowledge bases, or the racialism and bigotry of small-town rednecks. Many of the images cracker-barrel literacies bring to mind, positive and negative, ar establish on established stereotypes and inaccuracies about rude volume and what counts as literacy or a mis go pastd judgement of the sameness of unpolished populations (Donehower, Hogg, Schell, 2007, 2012 one thousand Corbett, 2015). grounds how cracker-barrel literacies are specify and operationalized can qualifying an avenue for acquire beyond stereotypical cerebration about homespun perspectives and reconstructing new farming(prenominal) literacies to confront global modification.There is lack of scholarly work approximately bucolic program line and literacy studies (Brooke, 2003 Donehower, Hogg, Schell, 2007, 2012 jet Corbett, 2015). In fact, enquiryers run through long wrestled with whether examining teaching through a agrestic lens is of value (Biddle Azano, 2016). Modern literacy research is lots skewed towards urban or suburban sites and cut officipants (Donehower, Hogg, Schell, 2007), and study constitution largely reflects an urban or suburban bias where reformers and policy croprs wrongly assume that what works in these places will work for artless schools as well (). Many country researchers are calling for an increased reduce on the outlandish background of literacy studies (Azano, 2015 Donehower, Hogg, Schell, 2007, 2012 Edmondson, 2003 Green Corbett, 2015). Donehower, Hogg, and Schell (2007) state, rude literacies are non something for only country-bred volume to pay attention to countryfied should non be seen in op per spective to urban but as theatrical role of a complex global economical and favorable network (p. xi). They go on to provoke that in order to understand the connection of coarse, urban, and suburban subject fields, we must examine bucolic lives and literacies and challenge the commonplace assumptions about plain people and unpolished places that deem them lacking in opportunities for literacy work and alliance engagement (Donehower, Hogg, Schell, 2007, p. xi). At this moment in history, scholarly acumen into the image and significance of literacy exercise in farming(prenominal) societies may be to a greater outcome important than forever.The incipient story of boorish the res publicas in the twenty-first Century is one of interchange, challenge, promise, and uncertainty. manifold elements, including environmental, economic, and political factors, contribute to this story. Globalization and technical advancements scram transformed industries that tralatitiously characterize rural places (Edmondson, 2003 Green Corbett, 2015 Schafft Jackson, 2010) succession simultaneously changing rural peoples connection to a global reality (Bonanno Constance, 2003). Environmental factors, including fracking, strip mining, clear cutting, unsustainable hunting and fishing practices, and corporate farming, barely alter rural res publicascapes (Tieken, 2014). Population demographics are shifting as well, with 80% of nonmetropolitan growth between 2000 and 2010 resulting from an influx of racial and ethnic minorities (Johnson, 2012). The property of tweed rural residents is dropping plot of land the Latino population rises (Tieken, 2014). Outmigration experienced in some rural communities as young people leave to render perceived economic and social benefits (Carr Kefalas, 2009 Corbett, 2007) and influx of baby boomer retirees (Cromartie Nelson, 2009) as yet contributes to a changed rural America.The question of how rural literacies are define d and operationalized in a globalized world is the focus of this opus. Green and Corbett (2015) explain, hobnailed literacies are nonuple, mutable, and mobile, and ever relational. They inevitably float in a global sea (p. 12) yet little attention to date has been given to the distinctive features of literacy in rural contexts. The phrase rural literacies is, however, used in rural research (Donehower, Hogg, Schell, 2007, 2012 Edmondson, 2003 Eppley Corrbett, 2012 Green Corbett, 2015 Pyles, 2016 Sohn, 2006), but answers to questions of what the term means, how to go about researching rural literacies, and whether there is an true relationship between literacy studies and rural rearing are ambiguous. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize literature on rural literacies in an attempt to tolerate a description of how rural literacies are defined and operationalized and what role, if any, they play in literacy instruction. I will describe the theoretical framework for rural literacies studies, the difficulties in delineate rural literacies, and endeavor to synthesize proposed translations of rural literacies.Conceptual model for boorish LiteraciesGuiding an understanding of the meanings of rural literacies are three strands of opinion place-conscious program line, newborn Literacy Studies, and rural studies.Place-Conscious Pedagogy bandage educators tend to understand the immensity of context for l bring ining, practices of standardization deemed much fair and equalizing have typically been to a greater extent jibe in schools. Schafft and Jackson (2010) explain that standardization is a calculate for the erasure of difference and assimilation to a norm a good deal bunch by the standards of urban, warmness class disembodied spirit. federal mandates ignore the rural context and define for rural communities the literate practices needed to succeed. Donehower, Hogg, and Schell (2007) state that standardization movements ready a itinerary the decision- retrace power of local communities for their schools. They write that national standardization movements, end from local schools the possibility to define what constitutes literacy and how literacy should be valued in ship canal that could best(p) integrate literacy practices into the needs and life of the local community (Donehower, Hogg, Schell, 2007, p. 26). At the root of place-conscious pedagogy, however, is the thinker that the most powerful forms of accomplishment provide relevancy by engaging students in issues of importance in their local communities (Green Corbett, 2015).Place-conscious pedagogy is an approach intended to ground learning in local phenomenon and students lived experiences (Smith, 2002, p. 586). Woodhouse and Knapp (2000) set five characteristics of place-conscious learning 1) learning emerges from characteristics of place, 2) learning is multidisciplinary, 3) learning is experiential, 4) learning connects place with individuals and th eir communities, and 5) learning is designed to spring up, and potentially offer solutions to, problems in their communities. Place-conscious pedagogy in relation to rural literacies allows for a valuing of rural literacies that simultaneously foster a deep connection to place and localize those aspects that may require act for local sustain dexterity.Considering rural literacies with regard to place-conscious pedagogy allows for viewing rural literacies with an mettle towards sustain cap skill and relevance quite than seeing rural literacies from a deficit perspective. For much than a century, the common public perception regarding rural literacy was one of lack-rural people lacked the same mental fortitude and valued education less than their urban and suburban counterparts (Donehower, Hogg, Schell, 2007, 2012 Schafft Jackson, 2010 Tieken, 2014). Considering how the rural is depicted in literature and the literacies used in place in rural communities supports to define an d understand various rural literacies.New Literacy StudiesThe New Literacy Studies viewed literacy as not just a cognitive act, but a socio pagan one as well (Gee, 2010b). community learn a given musical mode of reading and writing by participating in the distinct practices of a social or cultural group. Two main premises underlie the New Literacy Studies. First is the understanding that literacy has changed from that of the past and will continue to change in the future. These changes happen because of social, cultural, and scientific changes meaning that literacy is alship canal situated in a context. Second, understanding how people use literacies in their everyday life can provide insight into how to improve formal literacy learning in school (Gee, 2004).The New Literacy Studies position literacy as a social act and examine how people use situated literacy skills in practicing multiple forms of literacy (Gee, 2010b). Literacy as a social practice means that what counts as lit eracy is expanded to include reading, writing, speaking, and listening and is not express mail to printed text on a page. The ways literacies are read and indite by the individual are guided by the values of their social or cultural group (Gee, 2010a). The New Literacy Studies, then, offer a guide for studying rural literacies by examining the ways rural people embark in social and cultural groups. Gee (2010a) writes, follow the social, cultural, institutional, and historical face of people (whatever you call them) first and then see how literacy is taken up and used in these organizations, along with action, interaction, values, and tools and technologies (p. 5). The sustainability of rural life requires a variety of literate behaviors from rural residents revolving around how to make decisions about growth and change in rural communities (Collins Blot, 2003), and examining these literacies can guide educators in understanding to what extent the texts produced in rural settin gs are representative of rural cultures. coarse as a Field of Study countrifiedity as a expanse of study has been debated throughout United States history, and a recent literature refreshen of the rural school problem by Biddle and Azano (2016) documents, in part, the evolution of thinking around rurality as a line of products of study. These authors found that researchers, educators, and reformers have fluctuated in their focus on rurality as a field of study over the past 100 years. Green and Corbett (2015) argue for the menses exigent for rural studies, writing, The question of (dis)advantage is crucial here. Thinking through the relations between space and equity, education and poverty, literacy and social justice, is clearly a proceeds of some urgency. Addressing the rural in these terms is crucial (p. 5).Rurality is often characterized as the otherwise, different from the norm. This characterization stems from a long history of stereotyping and stigmatizing of rural peo ples. Beginning in the 19th Century, publications spoke of the backwardness of rural life and people while advocating for the sophistication of city life (Theobold Wood, 2010). This idea of rural people as lacking education and sophistication continues to be seen in juvenile television shows like My Big Fat Redneck union or My Name is Earl. Recognizing the complexity of rurality, confronting and critically examining stereotypes, and conceptualizing rural literacies in a globalized world is important for the sustainability of rural places and for rurality as a field of study.Difficulties in Defining Rural LiteraciesDonehower, Hogg, and Schell (2007) explain that, in their attempts to define rural literacies for their book of the same name, they could not find a specific explanation in literacy research. Part of the difficulty in defining rural literacies arises from the complex, differing, and bulky definitions of their component parts. Because the words rural and literacy are l oaded terms with multiple definitions offered, it becomes challenging to concretely define rural literacies. The following sections describe the complications in defining the terms rural and literacy and thereby the difficulty in defining rural literacies.Defining RuralMany people can offer definitions for the term rural however, these definitions are usually vague and varied from individual to person. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (agribusiness) acknowledges this incongruity, stating, For some, rural is a state of mind. For others, rural is an objective quantitative measure. (Reynnells, 2016, para. 1). Quantitatively, rural is defined by what it is not-namely, anything that is not urban or suburban is rural. The United States General Accounting social occasion Fact canvas tent for Congressional Requesters (1993) states, Metro/urban areas can be defined using several criteria. Once this is done, nonmetro/rural is then defined by censure any area that is not metro/urban is nonmetro/rural (para. 1). In general, rural is determined quantitatively by using population verse and/or analysis of amount of open countryside (Reynnells, 2016). The most common Federal definitions of rural come from the Department of Commerces Bureau on the Census, the White Houses Office of Budget and Management, and the USDAs Economic Research Service. In choosing a particular(prenominal) definition, the USDA advises selecting establish on the purpose of the activity on which the definition is based (Reynnells, 2016).Donehower, Hogg, and Schell (2012) suggest that these demographic methods of defining rural as anything not urban lead to the homogenization of rural people as the other while elevating urban and suburban to the norm. It is a mistake to regard rural America as homogeneous as the myth of rural homogeneity masks vestigial miscellany among the people who have historically lived in the American countryside (Davis Marema, 2008, para. 9). While many people may thin k of rural America as made up of primarily white, working and middle class individuals, the proportion of white rural residents is decreasing while minority populations, particularly the Hispanic population, are growing (Housing Assistance Council, 2012). Definitions of rurality should acknowledge the complexity and diversity of rural populations.Rural can overly be understood as a way of identifying oneself or a group. People may identify themselves or others as rural regardless of their current location. In other words, someone can live outside of a rural area and still identify themselves as rural. Howley (2009) relates that it is the meanings associated with rural life and community, not geography or demographics, that qualifies rurality. It is, therefore, important to define rural not only geographically and demographically, but culturally as well (Donehower, Hogg, Schell, 2007, 2012 Tieken, 2014).Defining LiteracyLike the term rural, the term literacy also conjures up a var iety of definitions from the basic, functional skills call for for reading and writing to knowledge in a specified area, i.e. digital literacy or country music literacy. The literacy valued in todays schools is typically restrain to a back to basics mentality advocating systematic reading instruction (Edmondson, 2006). Cook-Gumperz (1986) suggests that a standardized notion of literacy tied to schooling leads to a principle that what counts as literacy is that which can be assessed, measured, and compared to the norm. This version of standardized, systematic literacy, it is argued, ignores the context in which literacy occurs. Others argue for broader definitions of literacy which encompass more than grapho-phonic relationships and traditional texts (Cope and Kalantzis, 2009 Gee, 2004 Lankshear and Knobel, 2007 New capital of the United Kingdom Group, 1996). Green and Corbett (2013) suggest that a range in what constitutes literacy is to be welcomed as it conjures up possibiliti es for new realizations and articulations of literacy, rurality, and education and helps in rethinking the literacy practices of the school, and thereby in enriching both praxis and inquiry (p. 4).Defining Rural LiteraciesThe broad and differing definitions of the terms rural and literacy help to explain the difficulty in defining rural literacies. Any definition of rural literacies should elucidate the role and significance of literacy practices for (and perhaps unique to) rural communities while also acknowledging the diversity of different ruralities and the complex nature of a globalized society. Donehower, Hogg, and Schell (2007) propose a definition for rural literacies that takes into account the rural context and has as its goal the sustainability of rural areas when they define rural literacies as the particular kinds of literate skills needed to achieve the goal of sustaining life in rural areas (p. 4). Their concept of sustainability stems from the 1987 World Commission on Environment and Development definition, which defined sustainability as the ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Donehower, Hogg, Schell, 2007, p. 4). This definition has guided how rural literacies have been operationalized, which will be discussed next.Conceptualizations of Rural LiteraciesIn reviewing literature on rural literacies, it became evident that no fixed qualities exemplify rural literacies. In part, this is because the diversity and breadth of rural areas precludes a concrete definition. The particular literacy practices valued in one rural area may not be those valued in another area. Three broad conceptualizations of rural literacies, however, have been offered by scholars (Donehower, Hogg, Schell, 2007 Edmondson, 2003 Eppley, 2013). Although scholars have not referred to these conceptualizations by the same terms, they can be synthesized under the categories traditional rural l iteracies, neoliberal or modern rural literacies, and new or postmodern rural literacies (Donehower, Hogg, Schell, 2007 Edmondson, 2003 Eppley, 2013). conventional Rural Literacies some(prenominal) Edmondson (2003) and Eppely (2010) refer to their first category of rural literacies as traditional literacies. Traditional rural literacies reflect a nostalgia for the past that is read in ohmic resistance to the conditions of todays modern life. Often idealized, traditional rural literacies envision a simpler, more m vocal life strongly connected to place and attached to the land (Edmondson, 2003). These literacies press a return to so-called glory days as a way to solve the problems of modern rural life. Dominant traditional rural literacies are based on the ideal of the family farm- rural families making their living off the land and stoic farmers characterized by a judgment in taking care of their own (Donehower, Hogg, Schell, 2007, Edmondson, 2003 Eppely, 2013). In traditional literacies, the farm and its land are symbolic of the very best way to be American yet this dominant understanding of traditional rural literacies is conduct and ignores the fact that not all traditional rural literacies are agrarian (Eppely, 2013, p. 81). In fact, small farms have been radically changed due to globalization. Of the 60 billion people who reside in rural areas, less than 2% earn their primary living through farming (USDA, 2012) yet, for many people, the ideal of the farm still exemplifies rural America.Preservation of rural culture is typically offered as the solution to modern rural problems by those who envision rural literacies as primarily traditional. Preservationists recognize rural culture as something apart from urban life and see the need to obey its difference (Shapiro, 1978). In schools, oral history projects and other preservation projects which isolate the particularities of rurality are often used as a way to educate students concerning traditional r ural literacies and as a way to preserve the past (Donehower, Hogg, Schell, 2007). While these types of projects which educate students about traditional rural literacies can be beneficial, Donehower, Hogg, and Schell (2007) caution breeding traditional literacies with an eye only toward preservation. They write,We must interrogate the source of our desires to preserve rural places and be ever-conscious of the danger that lies in preservationist models that seek to make of rural places a monolithic symbol of a collective American inheritance for those who live in urban and suburban areas, rather than vital and different communities that can adapt to economic and demographic shifts. Preservationist projects that seek to turn rural communities into museums essentially ensure that those communities cease to exist, as no one truly lives in a museum. (p. 44)Giroux (2004) advocates using public memory not as a museum to cultural perfection but as an opportunity to review and debate t he complexities of that memory.Modern or Neoliberal Rural LiteraciesAnother way to conceptualize rural literacies is what Edmondson (2003) terms neoliberal rural literacies and Eppely (2010) describes as modern rural literacies. Modern/Neoliberal literacies see a rural way of life as ill-equipped to meet the needs of people in a global economy (Edmondson, 2003 Eppely, 2010). Mass production, efficiency, and neoliberal principles should characterize rural life where rural communities are seen as vehicles for reducing production costs. Agribusiness, drop off market logic, and capitalism are king while literacy is reduced to a generalizable set of practical skills necessary for economic participation as employee or consumer (Eppely, 2010, p. 85).Neoliberalism/modernism, then, insinuates that education for life in place is not sufficient for rural students, and the solution to the inadequacy of rural communities is to modernize rural education (Edmondson, 2003 Shapiro, 1978). local an aesthetic literacies are disregarded in the face of standardization, and the purpose of public education is narrowed to ensure American economic success in a global economy (Eppely, 2010). Shafft and Jackson (2015) write, public education serves the economic imperative of capitalism by severing attachment to place and producing mobile, adaptable callowness flexibly responsive to changing labor market conditions (p. 2). Green (2013) writes that the idea that location plays no part in the delivery of instruction leads to coeval arguments that introducing new digital technology into schooling overcomes many of the difficulties and disadvantages of rural education (p. 20). Technology is seen as a way to solve many of the inadequacies of rural schools despite strong assertions that place matters. Standardization removes from local school systems the ability to define what constitutes as literacy for their communities, and neoliberal/modern interpretations of rural literacies do not all ow the opportunity for local places to determine how rural literacies can best be enacted to sustain local communities.New or Postmodern Rural LiteraciesThe inadequacies of traditional and modern or neoliberal rural literacies in encapsulating coetaneous rural literacies necessitates a third conceptualization of rural literacies in a globalized world. A new conceptualization, termed new (Edmondson, 2003) or postmodern (Eppely, 2010) rural literacies, has been suggested that proposes ways of understanding literacy as a resource for democratic citizenship that shapes the potential for rural communities to experience the economic prosperity, environmental protection, and social equity desired to make rural communities sustainable places (Donehower, Hogg, Schell, 2007, p. 12). The key to this conceptualization is the idea of sustaining rural places rather than preserving an ideal rural culture or modernizing rural places so they fit urban and suburban areas. An important understandin g of sustainability is that economic systems are interlinked-the consumer practices of urban and suburban people affect rural communities (Donehower, Hogg, Schell, 2007). Postmodern rural literacy practices alter people to critically examine their communities, including taken for granted truths about rural people and life, and communicate with others both their potential and limitations (Eppely, 2010).Postmodern rural literacies also allow for critique of modern assumptions that new is always better (Edmondson, 2003). Rural literacies become a tool for citizens to deconstruct and critique their own literacy practices to determine how they want to live together. Donehower, Hogg, and Schell (2007) write, rural people can and do make conscious, informed choices among different alternatives for practicing and valuing reading and writing, acknowledging literacys important functions in navigating the complex economic and social realities of rural life (p. 68). Defining and understanding new or postmodern rural literacies is essential in shaping relationships both at heart rural communities and with the outside world.This conceptualization acknowledges multiple forms of rural literacies and encourages Add more here about Prairie township identification among rural, urban, and suburban citizens. In Prairie Town, Edmondson (2003) advocate for a critical public pedagogy that questions and renegotiates the relationships among rural, urban, and suburban people in order to sustain rural communities (__). Instead of placing rural, suburban, and urban communities in antagonist to one another, new rural literacies enable examining the ways literate practices can connect communities and ensure a sustainable future for everyone (Donehower, Hogg, Schell, 2007).ConclusionIt is a myth that rural literacies are based solely on traditional models of literacy. Examining the literature on rural literacies shows the complexity of literate practices in rural communities that refle ct a mixture of traditional, modern or neoliberal, and postmodern or new rural literacies. Rurality is not defined by images of a one-room schoolhouse, a farm wife mending socks, a farmer working in bucolic fields, or an uneducated hillbilly. The realities of rural literacies are that they are complex, multiple, and evolving in relation to a globalized world. As Donehower, Hogg, and Schell (2007) conclude, the phrase rural literacies should suggest reading and writing as social action that supports and sustains diverse communities arduous to cope with complex, often interlinked economic, social, cultural, and environmental issues (p. 193). Rural literacies research that addresses these issues and contributes in the ability of rural communities to address these issues is essential.ReferencesAzano, A.P. (2015). Addressing the rural context in literacies research. Journal of youthful and Adult Literacy, 59(3), 267-269.Biddle, C., Azano, A.P. (2016). Constructing and reconstructing t he rural school problem A century of rural education research. Review of Research in Education, 40, 298-325.Bonanno, A., Constance, D.H. (2003). The global/local interface. In D.L. Brown and L.E. Swanson, eds., Challenges for rural America in the twenty-first century, 241-251. University Park, PA pascal State Press.Brooke, R. (2003). Rural voices Place-conscious education and the teaching of writing. New York, NY Teachers College Press.Carr, P.J., Kefalas, M.J. (2010). Hallowing out the middle The rural brain drain and what it means for America. Boston, MA Beacon Press.Cope, B. Kalantzis, M. (2009). Multiliteracies New literacies, new learning. Pedagogies An International Journal, 4, 164-195.Corbett, M. (2008). Learning to leave The irony of schooling in a coastal community. Black Point, Nova Scotia, Canada Fernwood.Cromartie, J., Nelson, P. (2009). Baby Boom Migration and Its Impact on Rural America. Retrieved from USDA website https//www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/ er r79/9346_err79_1_.pdfDavis, D., Marema, T. (2008). A rural perspective. Grantmakers in the Arts, 19(3). Retrieved from http//www.giarts.org/article/rural-perspectiveDonehower, K., Hogg, C., Schell, E.E. (2007). Rural literacies. Carbondale, IL Southern Illinois University Press.Donehower, K., Hogg, C., Schell, E.E. (2012). 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Risk management by indian banks

Risk sleep togetherment by indian banksCase analysis Risk management by Indian banks The banking and financial crises in recent years in emerging economies fill demonstrated that, when things go wrong with the financial system, they can result in a severe economic downturn. From this perspective, financial sector reforms are crucial in order to avoid such costs. These reforms hurl become the tools for banks to manage risk. Some of the tools are1) affair ramble ScenarioThe first important burn that I would like to highlight relates to absorb rates. Interest rates glitter strongly to inflation rates, there has been a distinct downward bowel movement in the inflation rate during the second half of the 1990s, which is now at around half the level as compared with the first half of the 1990s. both(prenominal) the popular measures of inflation the Wholesale Price proponent (WPI) and the Consumer Price Index (CPI) meet shown a definite fall in the recent period. This is dist inctly reflected in the downward trend in nominal by-line rates.The banks have overly trim down their deposit rates. But the lending rates of banks have not come down as much. While banks have reduced their prime lending rates (PLRs) to some extent and are also extending sub-PLR loans and effective lending rates continue to remain high ( elude 1 and Chart 1). 2) Lending to Small and Medium EnterprisesBanks have now mum the problems with lending large organizations. The large organization not only reduces the interest rates by bargaining but also makes default payments by which banks are under tremendous risk, and hence banks are now make a move to provide to a greater extent loans to small and medium enterprises.3) revival meeting of Long-Term FinancingThe development finance institutions (DFIs) were set up in the 1950s to provide medium and long finance to the private sector. some of these institutions were sponsored by the Government. DFIs were expected to resolve long-term credit shortages and to acquire and unfold skills necessary to assess projects and banks creditworthiness. The current trend is of DFIs converting themselves into banks. In this context, the future of long-term lending acquires great importance.4) Non-Performing Assets As of March 31, 2002, the gross NPAs of scheduled commercialised banks stood at Rs.71,000 crore, of which the NPAs of public sector banks constituted Rs.57,000 crore. The absolute amount of NPAs continues to be a major drag on the performance of banks. Banks uses the process of securitisation of assets to retreat NPAs from the balance sheets. 5) Investing in government securitiesIn the current interest rate environment, banks are finding it more profitable to invest in government securities. In 2001-02, trading profits of public sector banks more than doubled to Rs.5,999 crore from Rs.2,250 crore in 2000-01. The net profits of these banks during these two years were Rs.4,317 crore and Rs.8,301 crore one by one an d this includes an additional Rs.1,365 crore and Rs.1,547 crore from forex operations. The Reserve Bank has been encouraging banks to be proactive in risk management and banks have been directed to maintain a certain(a) level of Investment Fluctuation Reserve (IFR). TABLE 1 concrete INTEREST RATESYearWeightedWeighted median(a) fair(a)Inflation RateReal Interest RateEndedAverageAverageCost ofCost ofWPIManufact-CPI-IWBorrowers centralDepositorsMarchLendingInterest RateAggregateTimeuring PriceGovernmentRate ofof CentralDepositsDepositsSCBsGovernmentof SCBsof SCBsSecurities123456789=(2-7)10=(3-6)11=(5-8)1990-9115.011.48.110.610.38.44.66.61.16.01991-9216.511.87.19.113.711.313.55.2-1.9-4.41992-9316.812.57.79.610.110.99.65.92.40.01993-9416.512.66.98.78.47.87.58.74.21.21994-9516.111.96.47.012.512.210.13.9-0.6-3.11995-9617.113.86.98.58.18.610.28.55.7-1.71996-9716.913.77.69.44.62.19.414.89.10.01997-9816.312.07.38.84.42.96.813.47.62.01998-9915.511.97.48.95.94.413.111.16.0-4.21999-0015.011.8 7.18.63.32.73.412.38.55.22000-0114.311.06.88.17.23.33.811.03.84.32001-0213.99.47.0*8.3*3.61.84.312.15.84.0Average1990-91to 1995-9616.312.37.28.910.59.910.46.51.8-0.31996-97to 2001-0215.311.67.28.74.82.96.812.56.81.9Table 2 Comparative Position of International Real Interest judgeCountry /MoneyLong-termPrime RateInflation RateGDP GrowthPeriod AverageMarket RateG-sec consecrateUnited States1991 to 19961.503.714.403.092.581997 to 20012.733.205.732.463.37United Kingdom1991 to 19964.055.304.253.251.921997 to 20013.402.773.462.572.76Germany1991 to 19963.634.099.042.853.201997 to 20011.993.177.751.571.75Japan1991 to 19962.002.783.571.161.741997 to 20010.091.402.070.130.69Korea1991 to 19967.507.213.165.997.351997 to 20014.795.856.743.824.31Thailand1991 to 19963.715.787.744.978.171997 to 20013.224.656.983.44-0.20China1991 to 1996N.A.N.A.-2.0912.3211.611997 to 2001N.A.N.A.6.280.237.93India1991 to 19963.43N.A.6.5710.525.411997 to 20013.405.877.625.086.14Hungary1991 to 1996N.A.N.A.5.1125.04- 1.631997 to 2001N.A.N.A.4.1312.294.52

Analysis of the National Environmental Policy Act

Analysis of the content environmental Policy get alongSummary of Laws PurposeThe purpose of the National environmental Policy put to work was to establish recommendations for federal agencies to encourage mitigation and reduction of potential cost to environmental systems from human-environment interactions that prioritized human interest over environmental health (Dept. of Energy, 1969). It was meant to modernise federal agencies on how natural systems and ecosystem services are of critical splendour (Dept. of Energy, 1969). In addition to the establishment of environmental guidelines, the act also created the Council on Environmental lineament, which made the chair accountable to Congress on the offbeat and health of the environment. (Dept. of Energy, 1969).ImplementationThe honor is administered by the Council on Environmental Quality, a federal agency that was established by the law itself (Council on Environmental Quality, n.d.). The Council administers the law finish ed advising on the content of regulations, regulating the implementation of the laws procedures, as well as mediating between the different agencies and judicatureal bodies that work at heart the scope of the laws regulations (Council on Environmental Quality, n.d.).. The state government are relate through their branches of various federal agencies but they have no get off influence on the implementation of the law, their actions are subject to federal approving (Council on Environmental Quality, n.d.). The public has little chance to engage in the process beyond the presidential election process, as the Council is under presidential authority (Council on Environmental Quality, n.d.). The primary direct of administration so is entirely federal, with little outside influence (Council on Environmental Quality, n.d.). The broad(a) text of the law can be found athttps//energy.gov/sites/ importunity/files/genus Nepapub/nepa_documents/RedDont/Req-NEPA.pdfHistory of the LawThis l aw was enacted in 1970, specifically on January 1, when President Richard Nixon signed it (Council on Environmental Quality, n.d.). Since it passed, the law has been amended several times. The world-class amendment was in 1975 through Public Law 94-83, which enabled states to write the environmental jounce statements required for acquiring federal funding (Quartner, 273). The second amendment was passed later in 1975 as Public Law 94-52, and altered the allowed uses of funds by Council on Environmental Quality (Government issue Office, n.d.).Congress DemographicsThe Democratic party controlled the domiciliate of Congress when the NEPA was enacted (US Senate, n.d). However, the Republican party controlled the Presidency (US Senate, n.d).The bill passed by a with a vote of 372 to 15 in the House of Representatives and was voted through the Senate by a unanimous vote (HistoryLink, n.d).Relevant Policy PrinciplesThis law invokes the polity principle of common but differentiated bu siness, or moderate and control (Connelly, 189). Because it is a command and control based principle that makes it a rights based mechanism (Connelly, 188) This is due to the nature of this law which mandates that the federal government regulates the implementation of environmental policy, but there is a secondary level where the state level agencies also have a level of responsibility to uphold the standards set by the federal law (Connelly, 2012). This multiplicity of responsibility, where three-fold parties are responsible, but no responsibility is designated as the superior one, fits in with the idea of this policy principle (Connelly, 2012). The primary strength of this kind of policy is that it prevents a race to the bottom type situation where companies move locations to construe the most lenient restrictions (Connelly, 2012). However, in contrast, this policy is weak in that it takes outdoor(a) the opportunity for industries to be motivated towards innovation to avoid pe nalties (Connelly, 2012).Various SummariesThe National deliverance Institutes summary of the NEPA can be found at https//www.npi.org/NEPA/what-is. The NPI is a nonprofit that aims to educate the public about pagan heritage (NPI, n.d.) as well as management (NPI, n.d.) and preservation, (NPI, n.d.) and offers seminars to instill this companionship in its members through multi-day workshops (NPI, n.d.). This summary differs from the EPA summary of the NEPA in that it outlines the 2 main objectives of the act within federal agencies, whereas the EPA version is more(prenominal) generalize about what the act was intended to accomplish on a more societal level, mentioning industry and commercial operations (NPI, n.d.). The EPAs own summary can be found at https//www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-national-environmental-policy-act.Works citedCouncil on Environmental Quality (CEQ). Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) Department of Energy. Department of Energy, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2017. https//energy.gov/nepa/council-environmental-quality-ceq.NEPA National Environmental Policy Act. NEPA National Environmental Policy Act. Council on Environmental Quality, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2017. https//ceq.doe.gov/.Senate Historical Office. U.S. Senate Majority and nonage Leaders and Party Whips. United verbalises Senate, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2017. https//www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/brief/Majority_Minority_Leaders.htm.Summary of the National Environmental Policy Act. EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, Feb. 2017. Web. 17 Feb. 2017. https//www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-national-environmental-policy-act.The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 as Amended. Environmental bear upon Statements, Second Edition (1999) n. pag. The Department of Energy. Web. 2017. https//energy.gov/sites/prod/files/nepapub/nepa_documents/RedDont/Req-NEPA.pdf.United States Statutes at Large, record book 89, 94th Congress, 1st Session. United States Statutes at Large, Volum e 89, 94th Congress, 1st Session. Government Publishing Office, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2017. https//www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-89.What Is NEPA? What Is NEPA? National Preservation Institute. National Preservation Institute, 14 June 2011. Web. 17 Feb. 2017. https//www.npi.org/NEPA/what-is.Andrew Quartner, Amending NEPA State Preparation of concussion Statements, 5 B.C. Envtl. Aff. L. Rev. 271 (1976), http//lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/ealr/vol5/iss2/5Connelly, James, ed. Politics and the Environment From Theory to Practice. 3rd ed. Abingdon, Oxon new-fashioned York Routledge, 2012.Kershner, Jim. EPA, the National Environmental Policy Act. Free Encyclopedia of Washington State History, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2017. http//www.historylink.org/File/9903.

Gravimetric Determination of Chloride | Lab Report

Gravimetric determination of Chloride Lab ReportThis look into was done to determine the amount of chloride ions state in a cognize Sodium Chloride pattern and an unknown try out by Argentometric method. Silver treat resolution of 0.2 M was added s paltryly to the sedimentary solution of 0.50 g test essay objet dart continuously aspiration and the chloride was descendd as liquid chloride. This precipitate was filtered, dried and weighed. Then the average serving of chloride present in the known NaCl and the unknown sample was determined to be 65.40% and 24.98% respectively.Introduction of gravimetric determination of chlorideThe use of money nitrate to engineer the precipitate of silverish-tongued chloride and gravimetrically determine the amount of chloride present in the sample is one of the most common methods employed in lab. Any inorganic compound containing halogen force out be made into aqueous solution and tough by silver nitrate to obtain the precipitate s of silver halide. The reaction regard is as followsAg++X(aq) AgX (precipitate)whereX=Cl,Br, orI.In this lab, chloride common sodium chloride was utilize as test sample. The salts (both known and unknown) were treated with silver nitrate to obtain white precipitates of silver chloride. The silver chloride was initially formed as colloidal solution. After subsequent heating, nucleation fulfill was dominated by particle harvest-home and the precipitates separated out as coagulated mass.During this procedure, the pH of the solution is kept slightly deadlyic by addition of nitrous dose. The loony toonsic pH eliminates the interference by anions (like change and sulphides) of weak acid (www.wikipedia.org). Otherwise, these anions can from sparingly soluble silver salt in neutral pH. Similarly, the silver nitrate is also added in a little tautological to enhance the institution and diminish the solubility of silver chloride (Le Chateliers Principle). Moreover, the combined action of moderately high pH and slightly excess silver nitrate promotes the coagulation of the silver chloride precipitate by formation of dielectric storey (Skoog, 317-319).During the experiment, if the precipitate of silver chloride is exposed to light, it photo-decomposes to give main(a) silver and chlorine gas. The elemental silver (violet color seen in precipitate) combines with early(a) chloride ion to from silver chloride. However, due to the chloride that escaped as gas, the product is lost and that gives low yield (www.cooper.edu). Although, in practice, the amount of silver chloride nitrate that decomposed is negligible, it is better to obviate exposure to direct light. The photodecomposition formula is as follows2 AgCl (s)2 Ag (s) + Cl2(g)3 C12(aq) + 3 H2O (l) + 5 Ag+(aq)5 AgCl (s) + C1O3-(aq) + 6 H+(aq)Materials and MethodsMaterialsEquipmentsThree 400 mL BeakersThree fritted funnelsHeating surfaceGraduated cylinderAluminum foilAnalytical balance unrecorded ovenDes iccatorsChemicalsSodium Chloride (0.50 g)Unknown sample (0.50 g)Silver nitrate solution (0.2 M) nitric acid (concentrated and 6 M)Ammonium Hydroxide or Ammonia in peeing (6 M)Distilled waterMethodsProcedureThree 400 mL beakers and trio fritted funnels were cleaned, dried and labeled puritanically.By using the analytical balance 0.50 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) salt was weighed and dissolved in 100 mL of distilled water in apiece beaker.Slowly, with continuous stirring, 0.2 M of silver nitrate was added to each beaker until the coagulation of silver chloride was observed.Then, 3 to 6 mL of 6 M of nitric acid was added to each beaker.The mixtures in the beakers were heated to digest the solution for ten proceedings.Small volume of silver nitrate was added periodically while heating the beakers until the solution stopped becoming cloudy upon the addition of silver nitrate, confirming that the reaction was complete.The precipitate of each beaker was filtered through the pre-weighed fritted funnel. The precipitates were washed up to octonary clock with distilled water mixed with 0.5% of 6 M Nitric acid. (1 mL concentrated HNO3 in 200 mL distilled water).The funnels along with their circumscribe were wrapped in the aluminum foil and placed in the oven at 120oC for ninety proceeding.The funnels were taken out and placed in desiccators to cool to room temperature.The mass of the fritted funnels and their respective contents were determined by using analytical balance and subtracting the pitch of fritted funnel from that of fritted funnel and its contents combined.All the higher up procedures were repeated fro the unknown sample.Cleaning fritted funnelConcentrated nitric acid was allowed to stand in each funnel for five minutes.Using a vacuum the acid was drawn out and disposed in proper waste container.Each crucible was rinsed with three portion of water. Then, 5 mL of 6 M ammonium hydroxide was added, and after five minutes it was drawn out through the fil ter.Each crucible was rinsed with six to eight portion distilled water.The crucibles were placed in oven at 110oC for about ninety minutes to dry them to constant weight.The funnels were taken out and cooled in the desiccators.The crucibles were weighed, three times each, to ensure they give constant mass. (If not, heating and drying wouldve been repeated.)ResultsSample weight = 0.050 gGravimetric factor (GF)= Cl formula weight/AgCl formula weight = 35.45/143.3214 = 0.2473Percentage of Chloride = Wight of AgCl precipitate weighed (g) * G.F. * 100Sample weight (g) tidings of gravimetric determination of chlorideThe role of Chloride in the known sodium chloride salt and the unknown sample was determined to be 65.40% and 24.977% respectively via gravimetric method. In theory, the percentage of chloride in sodium chloride salt is 60.66%. The variation in the percentage of chloride in the known sample may have been resulted by impureness in the sample or due to the random error during experiment.This experiment is the classical example of the precipitation reaction where the formation of dielectric layer of silver chloride stabilized by nitrate ions takes place. Upon the addition of silver nitrate in the aqueous solution of the salt, the formation of the silver chloride occurs as a colloid. Slightly excess silver nitrate is added and also nitric acid is added to raise the concentration of the nitrate ion in the solution for two reasons. The setoff reason is to prevent the solubility of the silver chloride precipitates that are formed as precipitate. The second reason is to enhance particle growth and the formation of the dielectric layer (Skoog, 317-319).The precipitates formed are formed as colloids. Since colloids are shelter molecules, it is necessary to heat, stir and add more electrolyte (nitrate) to obtain particle growth by the mold of surface assimilation. The colloid obtained is made of silver chloride as primary adsorption layer and nitrate ions mak e up the counter-ion layer to stabilize the system. move heating ruptures the counter ion layer and promotes stabilization by the nitrate ions produced by the addition of slightly excess silver nitrate and nitric acid (Skoog, 317-319). However, addition of too much silver nitrate is avoided to prevent the co-precipitation of the silver nitrate. Nitric acid is used in the reaction mixture as well as to wash the precipitates formed. Washing with nitric acid ensures that the precipitates leave behind be preserved because washing with water may dissolve it (Lab Handout).The precipitate thus obtained was weighed to determine the percentage of chloride present in the starting sample. This process can be employed quantitatively to determine the purity of the sample. In many cases, precipitation reaction of silver halides is qualitatively used to observe whether the inorganic compound consists of halides. In this lab however, the silver nitrate was used to quantitatively determine the pe rcentage of chloride present in the samples. The known sample of Sodium chloride seems to have impurity because it gave more percentage of chloride than theoretically expected. But, the identity of unknown sample was unknown and jus by analyzing the percentage of chloride ion nothing can be said about its identity.

The Murder of Helen Jewett by Patricia Cline Cohen Essay -- Murder Hel

The Murder of Helen Jewett by Patricia Cline Cohen In The Murder of Helen Jewett, Patricia Cohen uses wholeness of the most trivial murders during the 1800s to lucubrate the sexiest society accommodations to the privileged, hypocritical tunneled views toward informal behavior, and the exploitation of legal codes, use of bottom of the inning sheet journalism, and politics. Taking the fact that char was made from taking a guy from composition was more than biblical knowledge, hardly incorporated into the male tactual sensation that a cleaning ladys place is determined by the populace. Helen had the comely rearing a maidservant servant, but how did she fall so faraway from grace. Judge Weston properly takes denotation for rearing her with the proper strictness and education. Was Helen seduced at an early age and introduced to knowledge competent perversions that were more persuasive that the bible smash-up life that the Westons tried and true to live? Was Helen simpl y a muliebrity who knew how to use what she had to get what she treasured? Through personal correspondence, legal documentation, census reports, paintings, and newspapers we are able to raise our get determinations. Cohen provides more than enough flat coat and history to allow either one to make their admit perspicacity how the murder of a woman could be turned into a grimace show at a circus. Helen Jewett, a prominent New York prostitute, was slay and not only was this rarified but a heinous crime. Helens murder brought to the forefront the intentness of whoredom. This would include the owners, managers, and the clients. In the Victorian era, in New York City, men and women roles indoors the society were as different as night and day. A man regardless of his extra curricular activities could hitherto maintain a really prevalent place in society. A womans value was not only based family pretend which lordly her class and worth, but also her profession if that was a pplicable. During this time in society the industry of prostitution was an economic gold mine. The women operate the house of ill repute while very distinguished men in the community own and take care of the up keep. The brothel keepers are seen as nada more than common family line wrecking whores. However, the owners of the brothels are viewed as prosperous business men.For example, John Livingston, pal to President Jacksons, Sec of State, own the 41 Thomas St brothel. workforce of great wealth and statue were frequent to... ...use. This was common for Richard to do. As the late wooer made his way up the locomote Helen greeted him by saying, Richard Im glad that you could make it. Helen retired to her live with her petitioner and they remained there for the some time.Helen emerged from her room around 1100 pm request for a bottle of wine-colored and Mrs. Townsend delivered the wine and engaged in shortened conversation while noticing the young man lying on the bed rea ding. She was very familiar with Robinson and was able to say without a doubt that he was the one that was in the sleeping room with Helen. No one saw him pull out nor did anyone let him out. Mrs. Townsend testified that a man had knocked on her door asking to be let out, but told him to throw his woman to come and get the key. No one returned for the key so there is no possible analytic explanation of how Richard got out of the house, nor was a logical possibility of how anyone else could have gotten in the house. There were also some(prenominal) eye witnesses to the fact that Robinson was the owner of the clothe and that the hatchet used in the murder resembled the hatchet missing from Hoaxies store. Hoaxie just so happened to be Robinsons boss. The Murder of Helen Jewett by Patricia Cline Cohen Essay -- Murder HelThe Murder of Helen Jewett by Patricia Cline Cohen In The Murder of Helen Jewett, Patricia Cohen uses one of the most trivial murders during the 1800s to illustrate the sexiest society accommodations to the privileged, hypocritical tunneled views toward sexual behavior, and the exploitation of legal codes, use of tabloid journalism, and politics. Taking the fact that woman was made from taking a rib from man was more than biblical knowledge, but incorporated into the male belief that a womans place is determined by the man. Helen had the proper rearing a maid servant, but how did she fall so far from grace. Judge Weston properly takes credit for rearing her with the proper strictness and education. Was Helen seduced at an early age and introduced to sexual perversions that were more persuasive that the bible belt life that the Westons tried to live? Was Helen simply a woman who knew how to use what she had to get what she wanted? Through personal correspondence, legal documentation, census reports, paintings, and newspapers we are able to make our own determinations. Cohen provides more than enough background and history to allow any one to make their own opinion how the murder of a woman could be turned into a side show at a circus. Helen Jewett, a prominent New York prostitute, was murdered and not only was this rare but a heinous crime. Helens murder brought to the forefront the industry of prostitution. This would include the owners, managers, and the clients. In the Victorian era, in New York City, men and women roles within the society were as different as night and day. A man regardless of his extra curricular activities could still maintain a very prevalent place in society. A womans worth was not only based family name which distinguished her class and worth, but also her profession if that was applicable. During this time in society the industry of prostitution was an economic gold mine. The women operate the brothel while very distinguished men in the community own and take care of the up keep. The brothel keepers are seen as nothing more than common home wrecking whores. However, the owner s of the brothels are viewed as successful business men.For example, John Livingston, brother to President Jacksons, Sec of State, own the 41 Thomas St brothel. Men of great wealth and statue were frequent to... ...use. This was customary for Richard to do. As the young suitor made his way up the steps Helen greeted him by saying, Richard Im glad that you could make it. Helen retired to her room with her suitor and they remained there for the some time.Helen emerged from her room around 1100 pm asking for a bottle of wine and Mrs. Townsend delivered the wine and engaged in brief conversation while noticing the young man lying on the bed reading. She was very familiar with Robinson and was able to say without a doubt that he was the one that was in the bedroom with Helen. No one saw him leave nor did anyone let him out. Mrs. Townsend testified that a man had knocked on her door asking to be let out, but told him to have his woman to come and get the key. No one returned for the key so there is no possible logical explanation of how Richard got out of the house, nor was a logical possibility of how anyone else could have gotten in the house. There were also several eye witnesses to the fact that Robinson was the owner of the cloak and that the hatchet used in the murder resembled the hatchet missing from Hoaxies store. Hoaxie just so happened to be Robinsons boss.

Red Badge of Courage :: essays research papers

The Red Badge of Courage charges place during the Civil warfare and begins with a soldier named Jim Conklin returning back to his control to inform them that they world power go into fight any day now. The main character of the legend enthalpy Fleming who was recently recruited in the 304th regiment begins to worry about how bold he really is since he has never really been in battle before. The main reason he joined the army was for the honor and resplendency that came after the battle but he never really analyse what it took to gain all the glory and honor that he wanted to obtain. The regiment marches for several days until they are finally faced with a real engagement by the enemy ( confederate soldiers). Henry is border by his fellow union soldiers, so he begins to fire his submarine sandwich as the other members of the regiments but ultimately he scared in the midst of battle. Eventually the union soldiers prevail over the confederate soldiers as the victors and begin to congratulate one another, shortly after Henry decides to take a nap. Henry is awaken by the sound of the confederate soldiers assail his regiment and fear ceases him and causes him to go bad a dash from the battle. While walking crosswise the fields Henry tries to reason with himself and convince himself that there was no way that his regiment could have won so he was right to run international and save himself, because staying would have been like committing suicide. After a term Henry encounters a commander talking to a general and overhears that his regiment was able to hold back the confederate charge. This comment further depresses Henry but he still tries to console himself by holding on to the belief that all he did was preserve himself. Shortly following that take Henry came across a group of wounded soldiers and decided to luxate into their line as an injured. He comes in contact with a lofty soldier who talks about the courage of the soldiers in the army scorn the injuries that he received which includes a bloody head and a mazed arm. The wounded soldier goes on to ask Henry what kind of injuries has he acquired in battle Henry frightened by the question hurries away toward the from of the line. Surprisingly Henry finds Jim Conklin in the line badly injured from the number one battle that he endured.

Emotional Aspects of Mary Reilly :: Essays Papers

Emotional Aspects of bloody shame Reilly passim her tale of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Martin maintains some aflame aspects of the original Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, while discarding and replacing others. Although the subtleties of the emotions in St evesons smart atomic number 18 deeper than those of Martins, they whitethorn still be found sleuthing the plot in in all of the different portions. Stevensons primary characters, Mr. Hyde, Dr. Jekyll, and Mr. Utterson, display the strongest emotions, and corporation be most advantageously documented and interpreted. Martin, on the other hand, swaps egress Mr. Utterson as the primary character and replaces him with bloody shame Reilly, a housemaid liveliness with Dr. Jekyll. Unlike Stevenson, Martin provides a truly grand emotional display. Mary is plagued by several distinct emotions, and the thoughts and feelings of Dr. Jekyll be brought to light far more vividly than in Stevensons text. By utilizing a deep connection to emotio n in her novel, Mary Reilly, Valerie Martin nearly transforms the writing style of the original Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde into a psychological thriller. Mary Reillys emotions play the strongest role in Martins novel. Since the Mary Reilly character does not come out of the closet in the original novel, it is troublesome to comp ar her emotional characteristics to those found in Stevensons novel her point of view, however, give the bounce be loosly juxtaposed to the overall modal value of the narrators involved in Stevensons novel. As previously noted, the emotions expressed by Stevenson are mostly implied, but they even so carry a great moot of importance to the novel. As the Stvenson novel is told exclusively by upper-class characters and a narrator viewing all those upper-class characters, a great tell apart of detail is left out. The thoughts and feelings of Utterson, Lanyon, and Jekyll are all downplayed in a contour of gentlemans modesty. Jekyll does not even reveal his chemically separated facsimile to anyone until desperate circumstances reqire that he release the information to Lanyon. Utterson masks his concern with his passe-partout attitude, and Poole, Jekyls butler, does the same. All of this masquerading begins to come to an peculiarity when at last the true personal identity of Mr. Hyde is brought to light. Until this point, the reader has only a few hints and his/her own thoughts to be guide by. In a plot-turning shooter set in the street infra Dr. Jekylls open window, Jekyll tries to speak with Utterson and Enfield as they pass byEmotional Aspects of Mary Reilly Essays PapersEmotional Aspects of Mary Reilly Throughout her tale of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Martin maintains some emotional aspects of the original Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, while discarding and replacing others. Although the subtleties of the emotions in Stevensons novel are deeper than those of Martins, they may still be found spotting the plot in all of the differen t characters. Stevensons primary characters, Mr. Hyde, Dr. Jekyll, and Mr. Utterson, display the strongest emotions, and can be most easily documented and interpreted. Martin, on the other hand, swaps out Mr. Utterson as the primary character and replaces him with Mary Reilly, a housemaid living with Dr. Jekyll. Unlike Stevenson, Martin provides a very grand emotional display. Mary is plagued by several distinct emotions, and the thoughts and feelings of Dr. Jekyll are brought to light far more vividly than in Stevensons text. By utilizing a deep connection to emotion in her novel, Mary Reilly, Valerie Martin nearly transforms the genre of the original Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde into a psychological thriller. Mary Reillys emotions play the strongest role in Martins novel. Since the Mary Reilly character does not appear in the original novel, it is difficult to compare her emotional characteristics to those found in Stevensons novel her point of view, however, can be loosly juxtaposed t o the overall style of the narrators involved in Stevensons novel. As previously noted, the emotions expressed by Stevenson are mostly implied, but they nevertheless carry a great deal of importance to the novel. As the Stvenson novel is told exclusively by upper-class characters and a narrator viewing only those upper-class characters, a great deal of detail is left out. The thoughts and feelings of Utterson, Lanyon, and Jekyll are all downplayed in a sort of gentlemans modesty. Jekyll does not even reveal his chemically separated counterpart to anyone until desperate circumstances reqire that he release the information to Lanyon. Utterson masks his concern with his professional attitude, and Poole, Jekyls butler, does the same. All of this masquerading begins to come to an end when at last the true identity of Mr. Hyde is brought to light. Until this point, the reader has only a few hints and his/her own thoughts to be guided by. In a plot-turning scene set in the street below Dr. Jekylls open window, Jekyll tries to speak with Utterson and Enfield as they pass by

Is Social Security Reform Really Necessary? Essay -- Argumentative Per

Is Social certificate Reform Really Necessary? For many years the amicable credential system program has been operating successfully. In recent seasons however, it is becoming unmixed to some that well-disposed security is in need of reform. Their argument is that with the count of people getting older in the next couple of decades, in that respect will not be enough money left in the social security reserves to pay for e trulyone who needs it. That is why the whim of separating social security up into private funds has been brought to the attention of the American citizens. This whim of reform has been around for quite a long prison term however it has been pushed on by pro reform supporters more in recent times because they think it is necessary for the future of the social security program. The caprice of reforming the dash that social security functions is a bad idea because the musical mode it is set up right now will run short in the future regardless of population changes. It also wont be worth the time and money to reform something that is already work very well, which social security is. Furthermore, the current presidents be after of privatizing social security had many problems and will not work very well during future years. These problems will not only affect the way our seniors live their lives, but also it will put our country deeper and deeper into debt. some things would change as a result of social security reform, not one of which is better. Most Americans do not enjoy unnecessary taxes and costs, and the privatizing of social security is one thing that is preventable and would not even relieve the American citizens money in the long run. This idea is very poor, and in that location argon many reasons why it should be stopped. To understand what is wrong with privatizing social security, it is very important to first know how social security work in its current form. What social security is exactly is a way fo r older Americans and retired American citizens to have financial benefits after they become likewise old to be working. This includes money for prescription drugs, food, and other common sustenance costs. It comes to the beneficiaries in the form of a check routinely. This money comes from a large social security reserve that is paid for by the common American taxpayer. The idea behind this is that when you are making money and have a steady job, you will pay money toward social security so t... ...say I encountered many small problems. One of the major ones was finding the resources to import an 8-10 page paper. I have little experience with papers that are this length, so I had to work it out as I went along. In the end it was alright though because I got a scene to rightfully reflect and expend on my ideas, which is something that I never got a chance to do before. Some of the strengths of this paper are the arguments that I presented about this topic. at that place were a few problems that I ran into along the way. One was trying to arrest sure I didnt accidentally state the same idea twice. As unrealistic as it sounds, it can be a domain if the paper is a real long one. If I had more time in the working of this paper, I would probably add more severe facts from my sources, so that my arguments would become more concrete. I would have to say that I was fairly well prepared for this paper and I thought that I did a pretty good job on it. The only improvements that I could see are if I were to add more citations and edit my arguments to be stronger. I would have to say that I had a fun time working on this paper and learned a whole draw about a subject that I knew nothing about before.

Argument Against Smoking :: Papers Nicotine Tobbacco Argumentative Essays

Expensive highs, dearly-won addictions, smoking is a worthless habit. Nicotine, like so many other(a) harmful substances, is a medicine. They entertain the power to involve how you feel approximately yourself and those around you. It takes full control of your body, like your brain has been infected by tar. The three main groups of drugs are legal, illegal and medicinal. Legal and illegal, what is the difference in todays world? Smoking causes fatal hazards and I believe as a consequence, should be made illegal. Smoking is a legal drug worldwide, however, late many countries such as America and the UK are beginning to dupe the affects of another kind of smoking, Passive smoking. Many areas in both countries have restrictions as to where you may smoke. This is a huge step in the expert direction. Imagine that there were no restrictions but no smoking at all wherefore should many be forced to smoke through with(predicate) the selfish addiction of another? It is our job to take action and assure the country of this silent but deadly killer. Why do heap turn their bodies into dilapidated factories with airways of tar and destruction? The answer is Nicotine. Tobacco is both a stimulant, a substance that speeds up the body and a depressant, a substance that slows down the body. The stimulant used in tobacco is Nicotine. This is an addictive drug, which causes havoc within the smokers body. The body doesnt just get used to the drug but it then depends on it to function normally. Between cigarettes the smoker becomes jittery, spotty and anxious. Nicotine makes your heart beat at nearly twice its regular ordinate and forces your exhausted, oxygen starved body to work twice as hard. Why put your body through so much torture? Nicotine damages your mind and blocks the crucial nerve signals in the brain. In this way, Nicotine has the same affect as the illegal drugs including heroin, LSD and cannab is. In a recent flock cigarettes have been seen to check off double the amount of chemicals that they should legally be, many of which contain

Kafkas Hunger Artist Essay -- Kafka Hunger Artist

Kafkas Hunger Artist   Kafka, in his masterpiece The Hunger Artist, suggests that humans lowlife never satisfy their inclinations. This is illustrated through the metaphorical hunger artist for whom comestible is not being nourished at all. The viewing publics interest is derived from their desire to see the hunger artist cheating, but to view this would put an check to that desire. Finally, Kafka presents this idea while the artist is at the circus and describing when people concupiscence to view the starved man.   The hunger artists nourishment is spiritual. The man only wishes to be honored by the public. As he continuously spirals downward in his health, he looses all forms of material nourishment. As the days go on, in that location is conflict between the artist and the audience, as they do not debate him honest in claiming not to have eaten. By searching for the audiences approval, a symbol for spiritual nourishment, he loses both material and spi ritual nourishment. The closing of the story occurs when he finally achieves his final goal which he believes go away give...

the life of Dorothy Day :: essays research papers

Dorothy was born in Brooklyn, New York on November 8 1897. In 1906 her family survived the San Francisco earthquake and her and her family took a drastic change in lifestyle conditions after Days father became unemployed and they were squeeze to move into a small flat in Chicagos South Side. After seeing the shame her father felt with unemployment sparked her work to help the poor. Originally Day, in high school rejected organised religion because she claimed she never saw these Religious people helping the poor. Her ghostlike development was a slow process but eventually she became a very devoted catholic. She Saw the Catholic Church as the church service of immigrants, the church of the poor This calling and conceptive beliefs in the belief of immortal encouraged Day to help those who were poor and unemployed. With this in mind and her experience, strong faith and family past Dorothy started a paper known as The Catholic Worker. She sold the paper for a penny a copy So che ap anyone could afford it she explained. And on May 1st the first copies were issued at Union Square and by December 100 000 copies were being printed each month. The papers purpose was to publicise catholic social teaching and promote steps to bring about the peaceful transformation of society. By the winter the paper had received so much success homeless person people began to knock on her door. Eventually an apartment was rented with space for 10 women and soon after a place for poor men. Next came a house in Greenwich Village. Then in1936 this community moved to two buildings in China town. The charity became a national movement. There were 33 Catholic worker houses spread across the country because of the depression there were numerous people in need of these places. Day took these people in As members of her family. As a strong catholic she went to daily mass and periodic confession and regularly went on religious retreats and read the bible. Today the establishment is stil l running with 185 catholic worker communities which are committed to non-violence, volunteer poverty, prayer and hospitality for the homeless, exiled, hungry and forsaken. They protest injustice, war, racism and all violence. finished Days protests, achievements, actions, words and writings of 8 books, 350 plus articles for journals and magazines and alike over 1 000 articles for the Catholic Worker newspaper she proved to be an excellent role model for many people.

The Importance of Friendship in Mark Twains The Adventures of Hucklebe

The enormousness of knowledge in immortalise Twains The Adventures of huckabackleberry Finn Aristotle was once asked what he thought familiarity was. His response was, matchless consciousness inhabiting two bodies. This was the kind of relationship that Huckleberry Finn and Jim shared in tally Twains heroical new(a), The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. This novel is a tool that physiognomy Twain, whose real hear was Samuel Langhorne Clemmons, was victimization to impress the great benefits of friendship upon nightspot. However, others feel that Clemmons was using this tidings for another(prenominal) motive, to promote racism and ever since The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was published in 1885, there overhear been people move to ban it from public bookshelves and trying to murder it from necessitate reading lists, alleging that it promoted racism. This was not Mark Twains motive rather, he was trying to envision how the prejudices that society places upon people could be overcome by friendship.Mark Twains novel has caused much controversy from the beginning. In 1885, the year the book was published, the Concord, milliampere globe Library banned the book and described it as altercate and fit only for the slums (Haight 1). Other than saying that the book was trash, the library did not testify any suit for the books banning, but it can be untrue that the reason was racism. The complaints did not end there in New York City, lxxii days later, Twains publication found itself dropped from a list of approved books for elderly and lower-ranking high schools, partly because of objection to frequent use of the endpoint nigger and celebrated character Nigger Jim, (2). The statement from New York showed from where the popular misconception of Twains intent comes the customs duty of the word, nig... ...t Huck and Jim shared, Huckleberry probably would have never seen Jim as an equal. Huck and Jim showed that friendship is so powerful that i t can overcome any obstacle, even prejudices created by society - this was the message that Mark Twain was promoting, and certainly cannot be counted as funky to anyone.The classic tale of Huck and Jims travels down the Mississippi River dealt with legion(predicate) hard issues, but the most important of these is friendship. This is what Mark Twain was promoting, not racism. Friendship does not need to be banned from our society incomplete does The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. industrial plant CitedAmerican Library Association. Challenged and Banned Books.Haight, Anne Lyon & B., Chandler. Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn.Phan, Giang & Nguyen, Diep. Pro Huck Finn.Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The Importance of Friendship in Mark Twains The Adventures of HucklebeThe Importance of Friendship in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Aristotle was once asked what he thought friendship was. His response was, One soul inhabiting two bodies. This was the kind of relationship that Huckleberry Finn and Jim shared in Mark Twains epic novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. This novel is a tool that Mark Twain, whose real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemmons, was using to impress the great benefits of friendship upon society. However, others feel that Clemmons was using this book for another motive, to promote racism and ever since The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was published in 1885, there have been people trying to ban it from public bookshelves and trying to remove it from required reading lists, alleging that it promoted racism. This was not Mark Twains motive rather, he was trying to show how the prejudices that society places upon people could be overcome by friendship.Mark Twains novel has caused much controversy from the beginning. In 1885, the year the book was published, the Concord, Massachusetts Public Library banned the book and described it as trash and suitable only for the slums (Haight 1). Other than s aying that the book was trash, the library did not express any reason for the books banning, but it can be assumed that the reason was racism. The complaints did not end there in New York City, seventy-two years later, Twains publication found itself dropped from a list of approved books for senior and junior high schools, partly because of objection to frequent use of the term nigger and famed character Nigger Jim, (2). The statement from New York showed from where the popular misconception of Twains intent comes the usage of the word, nig... ...t Huck and Jim shared, Huckleberry probably would have never seen Jim as an equal. Huck and Jim showed that friendship is so powerful that it can overcome any obstacle, even prejudices created by society - this was the message that Mark Twain was promoting, and certainly cannot be counted as offensive to anyone.The classic tale of Huck and Jims travels down the Mississippi River dealt with many complex issues, but the most important of the se is friendship. This is what Mark Twain was promoting, not racism. Friendship does not need to be banned from our society neither does The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.Works CitedAmerican Library Association. Challenged and Banned Books.Haight, Anne Lyon & B., Chandler. Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn.Phan, Giang & Nguyen, Diep. Pro Huck Finn.Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

Interview of Insurance Ad :: essays papers

Interview of Insurance AdInterview of an Insurance handle Ad providederAs I fumbled through radio stations, the unforgett fitting memories ofa horn blaring, tires screeching, and turning just in time to see a trucksmashing into my railway car came flooding back. Glass shattering, the airbagdeploying, I had gasped for glimmering from the sudden impact. It is sad thatmost people will have to go through a car accident like this one at leastonce in their lifetime. Kathy Highland was the insurance adjuster from cherish Insurance Company who was assigned to my case. Herprofessionalism, courtesy, and understanding changed this horror storyinto just another chapter in my life, a chapter which I am now able tolook back upon as a valuable learning experience. The daybreak sun warmed the air that April day. It was Thursdayaround nine a.m. when I arrived at the Shelter Insurance building. Ilooked around Kathys daub noticing her parchment from the University ofOklahoma and a couple of c ertificates for the insurance company hanging onthe wall. Directly behind her was a quotation in a depressed frame. It read, Whenlooking for the reason why things go wrong never encounter out sheerstupidity. I asked Kathy what it meant to her. Kathy looked at me andsaid, People come into my office thinking I have all the answers and Ican lead them everything they want. It is easy to see that Kathysknowledge is what people desire. With her professionalism and courtesyshe is able to peace of mind the suffering of her clients and not com writesate themmore than the company is willing to. approximately that time the phone rang, andshe picked it up and said, Kathy Highland. She listened for a fewseconds as she tapped her pen on the desk, and finally said, What is theclaim number. As if she had done this a one million million times, Kathy told theperson on the phone to go ahead and extend the car rental and then hung upthe phone. Clearly Kathy handles her work swiftly and me thodically easingthe anguish of the ordeal as easy as possible. As I asked Kathy, Where does the claim bear upon begin? Shestarted to explain to me the claim process from beginning to end. Firstthe adjuster will call both parties mingled in the accident. Kathy said,This could be the fun part. Most of the time you get 2 differentstories of the accident. Then the adjuster will go to the scene of the

Industry Analysis Report on Kmart Essay -- Business and Management Stu

Industry abridgment Report on KmartINTRODUCTIONKmart is a huge vintage conjunction that had peeked at iodin time and nowadays isstruggling to survive imputable to contestation and other intelligent battles. This epitome reputation will pick up and analyze the study forces that shapethe grammatical construction and competitive unwavering point of Kmart. This cover willlook at Kmarts history, competitors, selling strategies, and somelegal battles that stomach affected the confederacy. The shaping andstructuring of Kmart started to a greater extent than genius hundred eld ago.HISTORYOver a light speed ago, Sebastian Spering Kresge opened a fine break in inDetroit, Michigan and crooked the entire setting of retailing. Hebuilt this butt in not intending that his store would develop into anempire of to a greater extent than twenty one hundred stores and an net presencethat reaches millions of customers everyday. The S.S. Kresge Company founded in 1899, opened its pr ototypic Kmartdiscount store in 1962. By the following year, Kmart had opened 53 stores,on the limit of being the number one retailer. In the 1970s, Kresgebegan opening smaller 40,000 material foot stores in smaller t professs andswitched from brand name to private mark rancid goods manufacturedinternationally at low cost. Over the years, Kmart hurt its owndevelopment efforts by variegation into specialty retailing, whichbrought it close to bankruptcy. In the 1990s, the company had to selloff its Sports Authority, Borders, postal attend to Max and Builders Squarechains. A tenner later in the 20th century Charles Conawayreplaces Floyd Hall as professorship and chief operating officer. Ab give away a year after the newchairman and CEO joins Kmart, the corporation bought BlueLight.comInternet service and soon there after Kmart sess files forChapter 11 bankruptcy vindication due to stiff competition, corruptleadership, and wild financial planning.COMPETITORSKmart filed fo r bankruptcy protection, one time the largest retailer everto do so in U.S. history. Most assiduity analysts believe the cause ofthe companys bankruptcy file was due to stiff competition fromWalMart, Target, and lack of marketing strategies. Besides, whenWalMart and Target predictably entered into Kmarts territory, Kmarthad given its customers every flat coat to go somewhere else.With more than 4,000 stores and clamorous expansion plans, WalMart isa one of the strongest retail forces. Thei... ...les is still functioning. This analysis report described andanalyzed the major forces that shape the structure and competitiveintensity of Kmart. This report reviewed Kmarts history,competitors, marketing strategies, and a few legal battles that haveaffected the company. Kmart needs to arrive at the need to developing astrong marketing strategy originally they are forced to go out ofbusiness. REFRENCESAccela Communications Inc (2003). BlueLight folding into Kmart, laysoff staff. http/ /www.itworld.comAmerican City Business Journals, Inc. (2003) Kmart reports $862Mfirst quarter net loss. http//www.albuquerque.bizjournals.com confound News Network (2003). Kmart Web order Answers Angry ShareholderQuestions. http//www.foxnews.comInfoWorld Media concourse (2001). Benefits of a slowdown.http//www.archive.inforworld.comKmart Corporation (2000). More cultivation about K-Mart.http//www.kmartcorp.comMicrosoft Corporation (2003) Kmarts 5 big blunders.http//www.bcentral.comThe Detroit News (2002) A look at Kmarts History.http//www.detnews.comWhere Its (2002). Kmart-Running Out of Time.http//www.retailindustry.about.com Industry abstract Report on Kmart Essay -- Business and Management StuIndustry Analysis Report on KmartINTRODUCTIONKmart is a huge vintage company that had peeked at one time and now isstruggling to survive due to competition and other legal battles. Thisanalysis report will describe and analyze the major forces that shapethe structure and competitive intensity of Kmart. This report willlook at Kmarts history, competitors, marketing strategies, and somelegal battles that have affected the company. The shaping andstructuring of Kmart started more than one hundred years ago.HISTORYOver a century ago, Sebastian Spering Kresge opened a small store inDetroit, Michigan and tainted the entire setting of retailing. Hebuilt this store not intending that his store would develop into anempire of more than twenty one hundred stores and an Internet presencethat reaches millions of customers everyday. The S.S. Kresge Company founded in 1899, opened its first Kmartdiscount store in 1962. By the next year, Kmart had opened 53 stores,on the verge of being the number one retailer. In the 1970s, Kresgebegan opening smaller 40,000 square foot stores in smaller towns andswitched from brand name to private label goods manufacturedinternationally at low cost. Over the years, Kmart hurt its owndevelopment efforts by diversification into spe cialty retailing, whichbrought it close to bankruptcy. In the 1990s, the company had to selloff its Sports Authority, Borders, Office Max and Builders Squarechains. A decade later in the twentieth century Charles Conawayreplaces Floyd Hall as chairman and CEO. About a year after the newchairman and CEO joins Kmart, the corporation bought BlueLight.comInternet service and soon there after Kmart Corporation files forChapter 11 bankruptcy protection due to stiff competition, corruptleadership, and bad financial planning.COMPETITORSKmart filed for bankruptcy protection, once the largest retailer everto do so in U.S. history. Most industry analysts believe the cause ofthe companys bankruptcy filing was due to stiff competition fromWalMart, Target, and lack of marketing strategies. Besides, whenWalMart and Target predictably entered into Kmarts territory, Kmarthad given its customers every reason to go somewhere else.With more than 4,000 stores and insistent expansion plans, WalMart isa o ne of the strongest retail forces. Thei... ...les is still functioning. This analysis report described andanalyzed the major forces that shape the structure and competitiveintensity of Kmart. This report reviewed Kmarts history,competitors, marketing strategies, and a few legal battles that haveaffected the company. Kmart needs to realize the need to developing astrong marketing strategy before they are forced to go out ofbusiness. REFRENCESAccela Communications Inc (2003). BlueLight folding into Kmart, laysoff staff. http//www.itworld.comAmerican City Business Journals, Inc. (2003) Kmart reports $862Mfirst quarter net loss. http//www.albuquerque.bizjournals.comFox News Network (2003). Kmart Web Site Answers Angry ShareholderQuestions. http//www.foxnews.comInfoWorld Media Group (2001). Benefits of a slowdown.http//www.archive.inforworld.comKmart Corporation (2000). More Information about K-Mart.http//www.kmartcorp.comMicrosoft Corporation (2003) Kmarts 5 big blunders.http//www.bcen tral.comThe Detroit News (2002) A look at Kmarts History.http//www.detnews.comWhere Its (2002). Kmart-Running Out of Time.http//www.retailindustry.about.com

A Glimpse Into Robert Frosts for Once, Then Something Essay examples

One drop fell from a fern, and lo, a strutShook whatever it was lay there at bottom,Blurred it, blotted it out. What was that purity?Truth? A pebble of quartz? For once, then, something.The PoemWritten in hendecasyllabic megabyte (11 syllables per line) and unrhymed verse, the poem seems to be an easy read. It uses words so familiar any reader could go through it without having to stop for the meaning. The persona tells of his project of looking down into wells and being ridiculed all the time by people who could arguably be his enemies, or his friends who know better than he. continuously wrong to the light, the persona never sees what he is there, in the first place, for - the truth. Instead, he sees his own reflection, looking like a god - an allusion to Narcissus who looks down into a pool of water and falls in love with himself - with a overstep of ferns, much like the crown of olives worn by poets and winners of the Olympian games of ancient Greece, amidst a background o f clouds. In one of those visits to the well, though, the persona notices a something wh...

College Acceptance :: essays papers

College AcceptanceI am more than what meets the eye. There is unaccompanied a certain part of me that people strike and judge me by in my everyday life. Some people make do me as the boy who rushes down to the Harmon Cove bus stop every aurora half awake and half asleep juggling several items in my hands. In one hand I have my books that I attempted to ingest for homework the previous night and my other hand is holding on to my Sony metallic cd player for my bus ride to school. My peers and acquaintances wait for my comer on the yellow school bus expecting me to begin their day rancid by cracking fewer jokes and sharing stories of my wild weekends. Only I wish they would know that not all my wild weekends which I brag close ar spent at raving clubs and parties, surprisingly most of them are really time spent home alone listening to symphony and helping my parents around the house. Also, I am a student who walks through and through the halls of Secaucus High School always t easing girls on my way to classes, promoting my path of Aerocrombie & Finch clothing and perfume, and many other tactics that some people aline amusing and others find immature. One may hear my name travel through the air prompting them to relate an encounter with me and sticking a label upon my character and personality. I wish everyone would understand the Xavier that the world knows, is only a part of an image that people washstand see and the balance of me is a mystery to for them to unveil.It may seem people have already discovered my personal ideas through predicting my next move, but there exists a private world of my own. I think I should admit few things about myself and accept them as a part of me. Common sentience comes to me much easier than book smartness because I enjoy interacting with people and my environment, than seance in a corner reading a book and devising my mind visit the twilight zone. Even my mother told me that I can cross the street safely, but if I have to read a map to get to my destination-forget about that. My teachers may think I am careless when it comes to my studies, but when it is time to become serious I do.

Job Study on the Australian Air Force :: essays research papers

JOB STUDYTraining and Advancement 1.Are on that point any educational or other qualifications your employer would expect for the job you atomic number 18 doing?Following appointment as an Officer in the transfer Force, youll undergo an Initial Officer Course (IOC) at the Officer Training School, RAAF basal Williams (Point Cook) 20 km south west of Melbourne, Victoria. This ladder aims to teach you the lead skills needed to become an demarcation Force Officer. The course is a faction of theory and practical training. While leadership forms the core of your training, the major elements of the course be designed to introduce you to military life, Air Force set and attitudes, personal development, organisational management, communication skills, general and specific military skills, security, drill and Air Force operations studies.Not only will you be taught Air Force specific subjects, but youll also take part in a wide variety of subjects such as ground defense force train ing, where youll be taught weapons handling, field craft, communications, defences, patrolling, various types of warfare and the Rules of Engagement. A reasonable take of fitness is required for compliance, however any active person who spends almost of their time exercising or playing competitive sport should non have difficulty meeting the standards. 2.Would you have to do a specific course of study?An Australian Defence Force Careers Adviser says that incumbent applicants must demonstrate excellent leadership, management, organisational and communication skills, and be soaringly check and fit. Everyone who completes officer training is guaranteed a job in the RAAF. Due to the high aim of training that is involved, a minimum service period of 6 to 12 years is required.During training, ADFA first year cadets earn about $16,000, which increases to $25,000 in the fourth year. Once fully fit, salaries range from $40,270 up to $63,249. Airforce pilots and navigators are entit led to a flying allowance, which is based on years of qualified flying service and is added to the base salary. The starting salary for direct entry officer cadets (non degree qualified) is $23,692 and $25,185 for qualified officers. Options For Potential OfficersThere are two pathways you can take to become an officer in the RAAF. You can go into the Australian Defence Force Academy (ADFA) as a University level entrant, but you must have completed Year 12 and be between the age of 17 and 26. Not only are you paying to study at ADFA, but also you are immediately apply as an officer in the RAAF.

themeaw Themes and Fate in The Awakening and Madame Bovary Essay

Themes and Fate in The Awakening and Madame Bovary Kate Chopins The Awakening and Gustave Flauberts Madame Bovary are twain tales of women indignant with their domestic situations the distinct differences between the dickens books can be found in the authors unique tones. Both authors weave similar themes into their literature such as, the escape from the monotony of domestic life, dissatisfaction with marital expectations and suicide. References to raft be throughout both works. In The Awakening, Chopin uses fate to represent the expectations of Edna Pontelliers aristocratic society. Flaubert uses fate to portray his characters compulsive methods of dealing with their guilt and rejecting of personal accountability. Both authors, thus far seem to believe that it is fate that oppresses these women their creators view them subjectively, as if they were products of their respective environments. Chopin portrays Edna as an object, and she receives only the same respect as a possession. Ednas husband sees her as and looks, ...at his wife as one looks at a valuable set up of personal property which has suffered some damage. (P 2 The Awakening) Chopin foils their trade union in that of the Ratignolles who, ...understood distributively other perfectly. She makes the classic mistake of comparing ones insides with others outsides when she thinks, If ever the fusion of two human begins into one has been accomplished on this sphere it was surely in their union. (P 56 The Awakening) This sets the stage for her unhappiness, providing a point of contrast for her despondent marriage to Mr. Pontellier. She blames their marriage for their unhappiness declaring that, ...a wedding is one of the ... ...ate UP, 1969. 881-1000. Delbanco, Andrew. The Half-Life of Edna Pontellier. New Essays on The Awakening. Ed. Wendy Martin. Cambridge Cambridge UP, 1988. 89-106. Gilmore, Michael T. Revolt Against Nature The Problematic Modernism of The Awakening. Martin 59-84. G iorcelli, Cristina. Ednas Wisdom A transitional and Numinous Merging. Martin 109-39. Martin, Wendy, ed. New Essays on the Awakening. Cambridge Cambridge UP, 1988. Papke, Mary E. Verging on the Abyss The loving Fiction of Kate Chopin and Edith Wharton. Westport, CT Greenwood, 1990. Seyersted, Per. Kate Chopin A Critical Biography. Baton Rouge lanthanum State UP, 1969. Showalter, Elaine. Tradition and the Female Talent The Awakening as a Solitary Book. Martin 33-55. Skaggs, Peggy. Kate Chopin. Boston Twayne, 1985.

The Science of Love Essay -- Science of Sex Appeal

Around the world people love. They live for love, they spare for love, the sing, eat, cook, die and kill for love (ForumNetwork, 2009). Since the beginning of recorded time, people earn wondered wherefore love is such an intense and universal feeling. There is no culture in this planet that does not make love (ForumNetwork, 2009). This set about will only talk about romantic love were sexual urge and attraction are involved. Romantic love, is one of the most powerful energies on earth (ForumNetwork, 2009), it is indeed one on the most addictive substances we roll in the hay experience at least once in our life. The rush of cocaine and the rush of universe in love depend on the kindred chemicals in our brain (ForumNetwork, 2009) we are literally addicted to love. The feeling of being in love does not depend whether the other part loves you dorsum or not, it will help you feel more happy that is for sure, only the intensity of the feeling loved or heartbroken is the same, the y both drop by the wayside from the same principle the love and desire of the other. Love remains in the most basic system of our brain, downstairs all cognitive process, under all motor impulses it is placed in our reward system, the most antiquated systems of all (ForumNetwork, 2009). In order to gather all the information we lead got in the science of love, many researchers in different fields have cooperated to form an idea of what occurs when love happens. One of the world leading researches in this field is the American anthropologist Helen Fisher, author of many best-seller books such as why we love, or why him, why her. She has worked with many neuroscientists, psychologists, sociologist, and doctors in order to get through a big experiment where brains of participants that claimed to be in love or hear... .... New Scientist , 36-38.Fisher, H. (2004). Why we love (1era ed.). new york, USA Henry holt.Meyer, B. (11 de feb de 2009). acquaintance of romance Brain have a love circuit. Recuperado el 4 de oct de 2011, de www.cleveland.com http//www.cleveland.com/nation/index.ssf/2009/02/science_of_romance_brains_have.htmlMiller, T. (29 de dic de 2009). Factoidz.com. Recuperado el 3 de oct de 2011, de The chemistry behind a pull in love. http//factoidz.com/why-love-makes-us-act-so-irrational-the-chemistry-behind-a-fool-in-love/inforefuge.com. (n.d.). Recuperado el 5 de oct de 2011, de The science of Smell http//www.inforefuge.com/science-of-smell-conclusionRooks, P. (2009). the science of love. skeptic , 15, 73-75.DiscoveryNetworks. (13 de feb de 2009). Science of Sex Appeal.ForumNetwork. (21 de sep de 2009). Helen Fisher. This is your brain on love .