The Character of Meursault in The Stranger (The Outsider) :: Camus Stranger Essays

The Character of Meursault in The Stranger     Albert Camus wrote The Stranger during the Existentialist movement, which explains why the main character in the novel, Meursault, is characterized as detached and emotionless, two of the aspects of existentialism. In Meursault, Camus creates a character he intends his lectors to relate to, because he creates characters placed in realistic situations. He wants the reader to form a changing, ambiguous opinion of Meursault. From what Meursault narrates to the reader in the novel, the reader can understand why he attempts to find order and understanding in a confused and mystifying world.   Camus writes in a easy, direct, and uncomplicated style. The choice of language serves well to convey the thoughts of Meursault. The story is told in the first person and traces the development of the narrators attitude toward himself and the rest of the world. Through this sort of simple grammatical structure, Camus gives th e reader the opportunity to become part of the awareness of Meursault. In Part I, what Meursault decides to mention are just concrete facts. He describes objects and people, but makes no attempt to analyze them. Since he makes no effort to analyze things around him, that job is given to the reader. The reader therefore creates his own meaning for Meursaults actions. When he is labored to confront his past and reflect on his experiences, he attempts to understand the reasons for existence. At first, Meursault makes references to his inability to understand whats happening around him, but often what he tells us seems the result of his own indifference or detachment. He is frequently inattentive to his surroundings. His mind wanders in the middle of conversations. Rarely does he make judgments or hold opinions about what he or other characters are doing. Meursault walks through life largely unaware of the effect of his actions on others.   Meursault is distant from s et plans, ambitions, desires, love, and emotions in general. He has a difficult time with emotions such as regret and compassion. The reader sees the nature of his personality in the first few lines of the novel Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I dont know. When he hears of the death of his mother through a telegram, he is unattached, and can be considered uncaring.

A Look into Digital Broadcasting Essay -- Digital Broadcasting Technol

A Look into Digital airDigital Broadcasting will have a accredited effect on viewing patterns, popular enculturation and audience identity.This will be done firstly by looking at the history of the BBC and the original intention of Public Service Broadcasting. It will discuss how by John Reiths successful approach to broadcasting, the BBC became a National Institution creating popular culture and a National Identity. It will examine how these first steps and ideas have major role in the introduction of Digital Broadcasting today and whether the initial Reithian values have any meaning in todays society. It will finally conclude what effect if any, these changes will have on British life as a whole and whether the fear of change is justified.In the 2oth century the advance of technology has been fundamental in the way we live our lives today. The new introduction of Digital Broadcasting to Great Britain has caused many technologists to become swept up in a sense of awed enthusias m about the interminable possibilities of the new digital age. In its early stages digital broadcasting is only available to a minority and it will take ten years or so to become a new way of life. Digital Broadcasting has thousands of new services to offer its viewers and listeners. Instead of pictures and clayey being alter into waves, the new technology turns them into a series of digits which are transmitted through the air and received by television or radio aerials. Digital Broadcasting is more efficient than analogue, giving space for six channels where analogue would give you one. Digital brings better picture, better sound quality and more alternative and cinematic style. The new era gives the audience greater interaction with its broadcaster and also the opportunity to shop, book holidays, bank and play games all form far control. It is not just television that is going digital. Radio too will offer the listener a transformed experience in what we enjoy the mo st. The sound quality will be crystal clear and free from interruption. New digital radio sets will offer a built in ostentation panel which will show graphics as well as facts and figures relating to the programme you are listening to. These are the things that we have come to expect from a broadcasting journey lasting 80 years. The new technological change is revolutionar... ... capital of the United Kingdom Routledge LEWIS, Lisa. A 1992 The Adoring Audience London Routledge NEGRINE, Ralph 1992 Politics and the Mass Media London RoutledgeOSULLIVAN, Tim 1994 Key Concepts in Communication Studies London RoutledgePRICE, Stuart 1993 Media Studies Harlow LongmanSTRINATI, Dominic 1992 Popular Media Culture London RoutledgeTULLOCH, Sarah 1996 Complete Word Finder Oxford Readers DigestWebsitesBBC Digitalhttp//www.bbc.co.ukPay TV Company British Digital Broadcasting...http//www.itn.co.uk/business/bushttp//www.sky.co.ukPeriodicalsPut Quality 1st, Smith to warn BBCDaily Mail - Monday 12 April 1999 riff Facts 1999British Sky Broadcasting Group PLC

The Qualities of the Houyhnhnm’s Civilization in Gullivers Travels Ess

In part 4 of Gullivers Travels, Gulliver is abandoned on an island by his conspiracy. As Gulliver begins to explore his surroundings, a group of savages attack him. These savages appear to be human, however they behave like wild animals. Gulliver is rescued by a couple of horses. The horses are called Houyhnhnms are rational creatures which are capable of speech and thought. The horses refer to these human-like creatures as Yahoos and treat them as wild animals incapable of reasoning. Gulliver is very strike how the Houyhnhnms speak to each other, while the Houyhnhnms are equally surprised at the appearance and behavior of Gulliver. The horses lead Gulliver back to their base where they proceed to find show up more about him. Gulliver also describes them and how they converse with each other. Gulliver pays close attention to their language and eventually learns how to speak with them. He asks them questions about their culture and learns about their society. He tells them about h is society and how horses are treated and how the humans are far superior to the horses. Gulliver is treated very well by the Houyhnhnms.Gulliver spends a lot of clock with one horse in particular. Gulliver refers to this horse as his ensure. Gulliver tells his master of his life and his native land which is England. Gulliver talks about his crew and their lives and troubles. Many of Gullivers crew were lost at sea and they were replaced by criminals and men who were desperate for work. In describing these men, Gulliver shows his master what human nature is like. Gulliver has a hard time explaining the crimes and motives of men and their actions because his master does not understand dishonesty and treachery. Gulliver talks about why humans wage wars aga... ... of the Houyhnhnm and their pursuit of knowledge allow them to live in perfect happiness. They are not selfish or greedy and are perfectly honest. If humanity were to strive towards gaining these qualities which the Houyhnh nm possess, humans would be more likely to create a wagerer society. Humanity has created governments in order to promote justice, peace and prosperity. The Houyhnhnm created a similar government to help them maintain their virtuous society. Humanity must place a large importance on virtue in order to make human society better. Humanity is very different from this land of horses. The horses seem to leave out any emotion and are incapable of joy and sorrow. Humans often allow emotions to guide their decision-making process. The Houyhnhnm allow only reason to guide them. Humans should turn in to replicate this pattern to create better effects for society.

Determinism Vs. Free Will Essay -- Choices, God, Determinism

Many race often wonder what influences their choices, wherefore they do the things they do, and why the world functions the way it does. Many like to argue that batch f ar the choices they deem because things are unflinching by nature and nurture, no other factors. Others like to argue that people generate full control everyplace the choices they make and there are no constraining factors. In this paper I will demonstrate that determinism is false and people are not typically determined by nature and nurture to perform the evil actions they do. I will identify what determinism is, the different forms of determinism, why people find it to be true, why I find it false, and show different examples of why. I will then go on to discuss free will, the different forms of free will, and why people do things out of free will. The definition of determinism The world is governed by (or is under the sway of) determinism if and only if, given a specified way things are at a time t, th e way things go thereafter is fixed as a matter of natural law. The root of the philosophical idea is that everything preempt be explained or that everything has a reason for being and being as it is and nothing else. There are also different types of determinism that people believe in. Soft, hard, and casual determinism are the cardinal different types of determinism. Soft determinist believe that free will is compatible with determinism. They believe in determinism, only believe free will can be present. According to this soft determinism perspective, a persons behavior may be caused by internal psychological states that, in turn have causes, but if no immediately pressing external agent affects the behavior, the person is said to have free will, (Ogletree&Oberle, pg.98... ...Matile Ogletree and Crystal D. Oberle, Behavior and Philosophy , Vol. 36, (2008), pp. 97-111The Problem of sinfulness and moral Indifference,Tim Mawson,Religious Studies , Vol. 35, No. 3 (Sep., 1999), pp. 323-345Hoefer, Carl, Hoefer,. Causal Determinism. Stanford University. Stanford University, 23 Jan. 2003. Web. 22 Nov. 2013.McKenna, Michael, McKenna,. Compatibilism. Stanford University. Stanford University, 26 Apr. 2004. Web. 21 Nov. 2013.Moral Responsibility, Determinism, and the Ability to Do Otherwise, Peter Van Inwagen, The daybook of ethical motive , Vol. 3, No. 4, The Contributions of Harry G. Frankfurt to Moral Responsibility Theory (1999), pp. 341-350Two-Stage Models for quit Will. Two-Stage Models for Free Will. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2013.The Organization of Evil, C. Fred Alford, Political Psychology , Vol. 11, No. 1 (Mar., 1990), pp. 5-27 Determinism Vs. Free Will Essay -- Choices, God, DeterminismMany people often wonder what influences their choices, why they do the things they do, and why the world functions the way it does. Many like to argue that people make the choices they make because things are determined by nature and nurture, no other factors. Others like to argue that people have full control over the choices they make and there are no constraining factors. In this paper I will demonstrate that determinism is false and people are not typically determined by nature and nurture to perform the evil actions they do. I will identify what determinism is, the different forms of determinism, why people find it to be true, why I find it false, and show different examples of why. I will then go on to discuss free will, the different forms of free will, and why people do things out of free will. The definition of determinism The world is governed by (or is under the sway of) determinism if and only if, given a specified way things are at a time t, the way things go thereafter is fixed as a matter of natural law. The root of the philosophical idea is that everything can be explained or that everything has a reason for being and being as it is and nothing else. There are also different types of determinism that people be lieve in. Soft, hard, and casual determinism are the three different types of determinism. Soft determinist believe that free will is compatible with determinism. They believe in determinism, but believe free will can be present. According to this soft determinism perspective, a persons behavior may be caused by internal psychological states that, in turn have causes, but if no immediately pressing external agent affects the behavior, the person is said to have free will, (Ogletree&Oberle, pg.98... ...Matile Ogletree and Crystal D. Oberle, Behavior and Philosophy , Vol. 36, (2008), pp. 97-111The Problem of Evil and Moral Indifference,Tim Mawson,Religious Studies , Vol. 35, No. 3 (Sep., 1999), pp. 323-345Hoefer, Carl, Hoefer,. Causal Determinism. Stanford University. Stanford University, 23 Jan. 2003. Web. 22 Nov. 2013.McKenna, Michael, McKenna,. Compatibilism. Stanford University. Stanford University, 26 Apr. 2004. Web. 21 Nov. 2013.Moral Responsibility, Determinism, and the Abil ity to Do Otherwise, Peter Van Inwagen, The Journal of Ethics , Vol. 3, No. 4, The Contributions of Harry G. Frankfurt to Moral Responsibility Theory (1999), pp. 341-350Two-Stage Models for Free Will. Two-Stage Models for Free Will. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2013.The Organization of Evil, C. Fred Alford, Political Psychology , Vol. 11, No. 1 (Mar., 1990), pp. 5-27

Self-reliance :: essays research papers

The idea of presumption is an American idea.Self-reliance is a way of life when one is reliant on onesown capabilities, judgment, and resources. When mortalis self-reliant they are completely Independent. ManyAmerican authors wealthy person used examples of this idea,self-reliance, in a lot of their composing.For example, in a Progress to the Mines by Byrdexamples of self-reliance are present. In the beginning ofthe story Byrd writes about a parting who ... rode eightmiles to besother over a stony road, in order to get to ahouse. This shows self-reliance because riding eight miles,all by himself, is a hard task to accomplish. Especially backthen when the story took place because there werentvery many people around to help one if one got intotrouble. Byrd shows another example of self-reliance whenhe was describing one of the main characters who ran an put right mill. He described him as ...so great a master in themystery of making Iron, where in he had led the way andwas the t ubal-cain of Virginia. This shows self-reliancebecause Byrd shows that this character is the best ironmaker around and that hes self-reliant in doing it. Byrdshows self-reliance once again while describing this samecharacter. He state He was... first in North America whohad erected a regular furnace. This shows self-reliancebecause he set up this iron mill and furnace in the mall ofnowhere with no help from anyone else. All three of theseexamples show that Byrd has examples of self-reliance inhis writing.Another American writer who has examples ofself-reliance in his writing is Franklin. In Franklins PoorRichards Almanac he shows many examples ofself-reliance. Franklin says that God helps them that helpthemselves. This greatly advocates self-reliance. Franklinis saying that you should help yourself, i.e. be self-reliant,before looking to God, or anyone else, for help. Franklinshows self-reliance again when he says Keep thy shopand thy shop will keep thee. Franklin is saying that if youwork hard at something like keeping a shop you will besupported by that hard work and that you will beself-reliant. Franklin shows self-reliance once again bysaying, At the working(a) mans house hunger looks in, butdares not enter. In this quote Franklin is saying that if youwork hard youll never be hungry, youll never have todepend on someone else for food, and that youll beself-reliant. These three examples show that Franklin hasexamples of self-reliance in his book Poor RichardsAlmanac.In an other piece of writing by Franklin, TheAuto-Biography, examples of self-reliance are also present.In this book Franklin writes about his childhood.

Self-reliance :: essays research papers

The idea of self-assertion is an American idea.Self-reliance is a way of life when ane is reliant on onesown capabilities, judgment, and resources. When someoneis self-reliant they are completely Independent. ManyAmerican authors have used examples of this idea,self-reliance, in a lot of their writing.For example, in a Progress to the Mines by Byrdexamples of self-reliance are present. In the beginning ofthe story Byrd writes about a character who ... rode eightmiles together over a stony road, in order to get to ahouse. This shows self-reliance because riding eight miles,all by himself, is a nasty task to accomplish. Especially corroboratethen when the story took place because there werentvery many people around to serving one if one got intotrouble. Byrd shows another example of self-reliance whenhe was describing one of the main characters who ran aniron mill. He described him as ...so great a master in themystery of making Iron, where in he had led the way andwas the tubal -cain of Virginia. This shows self-reliancebecause Byrd shows that this character is the best ironmaker around and that hes self-reliant in doing it. Byrdshows self-reliance one time once again while describing this samecharacter. He said He was... first in North America whohad erected a regular furnace. This shows self-reliancebecause he set up this iron mill and furnace in the middle ofnowhere with no help from anyone else. All three of theseexamples show that Byrd has examples of self-reliance inhis writing.Another American source who has examples ofself-reliance in his writing is Franklin. In Franklins PoorRichards Almanac he shows many examples ofself-reliance. Franklin says that God helps them that helpthemselves. This greatly advocates self-reliance. Franklinis saying that you should help yourself, i.e. be self-reliant,before looking to God, or anyone else, for help. Franklinshows self-reliance again when he says Keep thy shopand thy shop will keep thee. Franklin is saying that if youwork hard at something like keeping a shop you will besupported by that hard work and that you will beself-reliant. Franklin shows self-reliance once again bysaying, At the working mans house hunger looks in, butdares not enter. In this quote Franklin is saying that if youwork hard youll never be hungry, youll never have todepend on someone else for food, and that youll beself-reliant. These three examples show that Franklin hasexamples of self-reliance in his book Poor RichardsAlmanac.In an other piece of writing by Franklin, TheAuto-Biography, examples of self-reliance are also present.In this book Franklin writes about his childhood.

Changing face of Indian villages Essay

India is a land of villages. It is said that real India lives in villages. About seventy per cent of its universe of discourse lives in villages. India is undergoing revolutionary changes. Its villages are not untouched by those changes.The changes are reflected in every walk of life. These changes develop been brought by various agents. These include science, technology, and pass around of education, advent of media in rural areas, industrialisation, urbanisation and migration. Hence the lifestyle, attitude and thinking have changed greatly in rural India. In fact these factors have feature to change the ritualistic rural society into a dynamic society.Traditionally, Hindu society has been order ridden. Caste-based division has been prominently visible in rural India. The community of upper caste treated themselves superior to the people of lower caste. Discrimination against them was a commonplace event. mountain of upper caste did not eat or drink anything even touched by the lower caste people. Even they were not allowed to take water from the well used by the upper caste people. They are not allowed entrance in temples. Such unjust distinction based on caste, colour and community was widely prevalent in Indian society.But things are rapidly changing now. People do not care tor any such distinction. in that respect is an interdependence existence in society. There is a close interaction of people of different castes, creeds and religions, among them for various purposes. The outlook of the villagers has undergone sea change. They have begun to see things in broader context. This is a good sign.The access of media has brought great(p) changes in their life. Now they have realised the importance of education. They no longer hold back their girls from going to schools and colleges. They have begun to come out of the four walls of their homes. They have started sharing responsibility with their male counterpart. Naturally, it has a positive impact on society.Agriculture, which is the mainstay of rural economy, is also being influencedby the winds of changes sweeping across various walks of life. It is no longer left to the mercy of Nature. The agrarian reforms, increasing application of science and technology are bringing sea changes in the faces of villages. Availability of invulnerable drinking water and electricity has made the life of the villagers easier and comfortable. Mass media has also contributed a lot to change the life of the villages. Now rituals and superstitions have begun fading away. People have begun to see things in the light of reason and logic.There is a great awakening in the villagers. They are now politically and economically informed and sound. There is no longer casteism in rural society. These changes are likely to have good impact on overall progress of India.

CSR of Apple

Apple is making genuine strides in the direction of environmental friendliness by designing for energy efficiency, reducing packaging, and using cycle materials. Its websites also releases an extensively breakdown of companys annual corporate carbon emissions. Apple says it emits 10. 2 million tons of carbon emissions annually. Meanwhile, HP says it releases 8. 4 million tons annually and it was just named the best S&P companies for the planet by Newsweek. Dell came in second and emits just 471,000 tons annually. twain of those companies only assess what happens during the production process. By contrast, Apple includes what happens once the product is being produced. The biggest source of emissions comes from customers using its product at home. The next biggest source of emissions comes from manufacturing which accounts for 45% of companys emissions. However, using less material may bring some problems to Apple. Some customers complain that Apples products are more unconvincing t han its predecessors.Therefore, the balance between durable product and reducing materials is very important for its product design. Apple publishes a provider code of conduct and launches provider audits to check out that the code of conduct is being followed. More importantly, Apple does not hide bad conducts of its suppliers and releases it to public. In its latest Supplier Responsibility 2011 Progress Report, Apple outlines its special findings of its own supplier audits.In 2010, its audit of 127 facilities revealed 37 core violations 18 facilities where workers had paid excessive recruitment fees, which it considers to be involuntary labor 10 facilities where underage workers had been hired two instances of workers endangerment 4 facilities where records were falsified 1 case of bribery and 1 case of coaching workers on how to answer auditors questions. The transparency of Apples underwrite reveals Apples concern for its suppliers actions.Even if Apple has outsourced its su pply chain, it still has a corporate social responsibility to ensure socially and environmentally just business practices of its subcontractors. Apple may be praised for its openness. However, some customers think Apple is merely trying to get ahead of the ever-pervasive media by releasing this information themselves. The enforceability of supplier code is much more important than making this information available to public. If Apple is determined to enforce its code f suppliers, its business may be disrupted by termination of contracts with suppliers because of its outsourcing of supply chain. Therefore, a back-up plan is needed to prevent disruption of business. Termination with suppliers may contribute to loss of reputation and change magnitude transaction costs with alternative suppliers. So another issue Apple needs to consider beforehand is supplier selection which is an important part of supplier management. Therefore, Apple should set up more efficient and relevant perform ance measures of suppliers and continuously evaluate these measures.

Play Response: A Rasin in the Sun Essay

I thought the play A Raisin in The Sun was very good because it accurately displayed so many aspects of what keep would be same(p) in the 1950s for African Americans. Full of conflict and racial tension, Hansberry creates a strong distinction between her different and unique characters. The master(prenominal) theme of woolgathers creates conflicts that are evident in the play because the family is aiming for an individual dream that seems to never happen however, in the end, they get away form the individual dream and fin totallyy reach a common ground. Almost every character in Raisin in the Sun had a dream or goal, and it seemed like their dreams fixed their happiness or value in life. Walter is obsessed with becoming successful and rich in order to afford things for his family, why his sister Beneathas authorized dream to become a doctor ends up directing the choices she will make when she realizes that Walter has wasted the money to be put aside for her.Throughout everyones dreams and aspirations, it seems to me that mammary glands dream is probably the most important. For Mama, all she desires is to keep the family together. She realizes the importance of a strong and close family, and struggles to keep them together despite all of the failings and mishaps that the characters experience. To Mama, a strong and close family is the most important aspect of her life, and something she will constantly struggle to protect. I also found it very uplifting when the family is open to overcome all of the struggles and adversity, and still manage to reject Mr. Lindners offers to move out of the all-white neighborhood.In my opinion, this is the perfect conclusion to the play, as I believe it shows that Mamas dream of having a strong and cohesive family is directly connected to the rest of the familys goals as well. Despite the offers by Mr. Lindner to help the individuals of the family in permutation for leaving the neighborhood, the family is able to put Mama s dream in front of their own, which enabled the family to become a closer, happier family in the end, despite their individual struggles. While it seemed like the Youngers dreams were going to fester up and die, they were able to understand the importance of family that helped them to keep their dreams alive and achievable.

Total Quality in Fast Food

Total Quality in Fast Food MGT 449 2011 Total Quality in Fast Food In the world of go onthrift sustenance restaurants product and service quality be what make or break a chain. Both Wendys and McDonalds have spent years and millions of dollars to have the level of quality that they produce just right. The key to the success of both of these fast food giants is bestow quality management. While they both whitethorn dowery some marketplaces, they both use different processes to get the results that they be looking for. Wendys currently operates in North America while McDonalds operates on a global scale.While both of these companies provide their customers with a wonderful fast food experience, they do non always use the same procedures to screen and market new products. Wendys and McDonalds atomic number 18 known very well in the United States and Canada. One only has to see a little girl with bright red braids or hear the phrase Im lovin it to suddenly start to crave food from either of these fast food giants. We are well versed in the menu options available at both chains and many of us could recite several of the menu options off the travel by of our head.The menu at both chains is very carefully researched and tested so as to make sure that all(prenominal) menu decimal point forget produce the best possible profit for the customer while delivering the quality that we have come to associate with each company. The big difference between the cardinal companies lies in the markets that they work in. The Wendys chain is a North American chain located throughout the United States, Canada, and recently in Mexico. The market that they are working with is somewhat similar, although allowing for some regional differences between the three countries.McDonalds, however, works on a world wide scale. They deal with dozens of different markets which each require their own market research and testing because the culture or dietary needs of those countries is very different from those of other areas of the world. When Wendys decides to create a new product they take into consideration the customer that they leave be marketing to. Currently menu items in all three countries are reasonably similar without much variation between them. All three countries offer the same burgers, chicken sandwiches, salads, fries, and of course the ever present frosty.By only operational in one region of the world, Wendys is able to test market a product in the United States and if that testing goes favorably so it is marketed in all three countries. A prime modelling of this sort of testing was Wendys new fries. Wendys research showed that they were often passed over for other fast food choices because of their lackluster french fries. Wendys knew that having a better fry would entice customers to choose Wendys over their competitors, which would boost sales figures. Wendys started in their test kitchens determining what would make a better fry.After d eciding on a skin-on fry seasoned with sea salt Wendys then began test marketing their new fry. After it was determined that the new fry was a much more favorable alternative to their old soggy variation Wendys began its advertising campaign. In order to ensure that the fries were a success Wendys spent nearly 79%, or $17. 7 million, of its measured-media spend pushing fries, compared to spending $26. 9 million for all products in the same month according to Morrison, 2011. This dodge worked and has helped Wendys to improve their sales over the retiring(a) year since the new fries were launched.It is also part of Wendys practices total quality. Wendys continues to offer consistently appealing new products in order to make out with their peers. By introducing new items with tried and true menu options and maintaining the quality product that Wendys has come to be known for, they are able to maintain a strong presence within the quick-service restaurant industry. McDonalds, on the other hand, needs to have a different approach to their menu items. At this time you result find a McDonalds restaurant in more than 119 countries on six continents. This means that their test marketing must be regionally specific. distributively region of the world must create and test products taking into account dietary and taste differences around the world. An example of this rationality of products is the Indian menu. Cows are considered sacred in India. Therefore, the menu in India does not offer any beef products. McDonalds has swapped out the beef patties in the popular Big mack with chicken in order to work within the dietary needs of the Indian population. They also offer a veggie burger and several fish options. India is not the only country where McDonalds offers what would be considered strange fare by customers in the United States.From shrimp burgers in Asian markets to beer being served in move of Europe, McDonalds has reworked its core menu to include items that are familiar to the local population while still being able to produce their product in approximately one minute. Speed of service and menu items, which have become old favorites for consumers, are two elements of McDonalds total quality strategy. Another example of McDonalds use of total quality is the use of what are referred to by Beth Kowitt (2011) as platforms. An example of a platform is chicken where McNuggets are the product.By guidance on platforms and then branching off of them McDonalds is able to stick to a base menu that always works and then tweak the item in a more creative way without losing the original integrity of the product. This has proved a very successful strategy for McDonalds and it is one that they will continue to use far into the future. Both Wendys and McDonalds serve the quick-service restaurant consumer. They both do market research and product roll-outs, but their strategy for these roll-outs is different because of the different markets that they work with.Being a national company means that Wendys is able to product test on a smaller scale within one area, where McDonalds must test within each region of the world that it operates in. Even though their approach to marketing may be different, both companies still practice total quality within their organizations. Both companies are striving to be the top in their market, and using total quality strategies will help them to both stay competitive with each other in North America. References Goetsch, D. L. , & Davis, S. B. (2010). Quality management for organizational excellence demonstration to total quality (6th ed. . Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education. Kowitt, B. (2011). WHY McDONALDS WINS IN ANY ECONOMY. Fortune, 164(4), 70-78. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. MORRISON, M. (2011). FOR WENDYS, THE PROOFS IN THE POTATOES AS FANCYFRIES LAUNCH DECLARED A SUCCESS. Advertising Age, 82(13), 5-20. Retrievedfrom EBSCOhost. Reich, A. Z. , McCleary, K. W. , Tepanon, Y. , Weaver, P. A . (2005). The clash of Productand Service Quality on Brand Loyalty An Exploratory Investigation of Quick-ServiceRestaurants. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 8(3), 35-53. doi10. 13O0/J369v08n03-04

Child Sexual Abuse and Introduction Prostitution

SCOURGE OF CHILD PROSTITUTION IN THE PHILIPPINES A Research Paper Presented To Dr. Antonio R. Yango College of Arts and Sciences University of Perpetual eithereviate System Laguna In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Course Communication Arts 2 By MARIA MAYBELLE F. GALANG March 2012 Introduction Prostitution is a per holdance of put forwardual acts solely for the purpose of material gain. Persons prostitute themselves when they grant rouseual favors to diametrics in exchange for m hotshoty, gifts, or new(prenominal) payment and in so doing use their bodies as commodities.In legal terms, the word prostitute refers only to those who engage overtly in such sexual- frugalal transactions, usually for a specified sum of money. Prostitutes whitethorn be of either sex, but throughout history the majority rescue been women, who have usually entered prostitution through coercion or under economic stress. (http//www. free-researchpapers. com/dbs/b3/peh277. shtml) Prost itution to pay for school fees is just one of the many guises of baby birdren in the Philippine flesh trade.Nobody really k like a shots how many Filipino tiddlerren ar in the sex trade, but they could number up to 100,000, according to the International Labor Organization (ILO). Many be recruited from the provinces, their appeal is the freshness factor. These children atomic number 18 exposed to the AIDS computer virus and sexually genetic indispositions, while many risk physical violence and failing health from long and unholy work hours.They suffer from harmful psychological stresses, development of distorted values, economic exploitation, lack of discern and affection, breakd have got of family ties, loss of self-worth and endangered lives if they decide to quit. Shocking it may be but there is more(prenominal) to child prostitution than meets the eye. It is just one facet of the horrors daily served to children working in what the ILO calls the worst take a leak of la bor, be it on the street or in the sea. (http//unionssay nonochildlabor. om/inthe intelligence operation/the-world-of-rp%E2%80%99s-4-million-child-workers/) The Optional protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography in the Convention on the Rights of the child states that the prostitution of children or child prostitution is the practice whereby a child is used by others for sexual activities in return for remuneration or any other form of consideration (Article 2(b)). The remuneration or other consideration could be provided to the child or to another person.Most generally, the prostitution of children means that a party other than the child benefits from a commercial transaction in which the child is made available for sexual purposes either an exploiter intermediary who controls or oversees the childs activities for profit, or any other person who negotiates an exchange directly with a child in order to receive sexual gratification. (http//allafrica. com/stories/200711051563. html) According to Dela Pena, et al. 2004) these are the causes why prostitution is happening, there are the reasons, desire to earn big sum of money, there is a demand, Connivance of police and other law enforcement agencies/authorities, poor education, runaways/homeless, and the victims of rape and other violence. If there are reasons there is also a consequence, First their families are not respected in their neighborhood, they are the center of gossip, they are treated with no morals or respect, suffering violence from the hands of the police and their clients and considered trash, suffering physical and psychological consequences and last they are considered as sinful.Every day we watch more and more news concerning child prostitution, one of the worst forms of child labour. It has unfortunately become a common phenomenon in todays society but heap are not yet fully aware of what it really means, how many people are indirectly affected, and what the main consequences are. Millions of children from poor families are the main victims of this phenomenon, because there is a proportional relationship in the midst of economical problems and the spread of child prostitution The poorer the country is, the more prevalent the problem is.A worldwide net profit of criminals, seeking economic benefits, works to entrap children and young people (mainly girls), to make a profit by selling them like goods and using their bodies for sexual purposes. Their targets are young people under 18, who live in rural areas, where the educational conditions are insufficient. Although the prevention against child prostitution has increased, it is very difficult to eliminate this black hole. (http//www. albstudent. albstudent. net/punime/K_Topi2. df) The Paper talks about how these innocent and clueless children eng remote in such immoral business. Violence is the direct impact to the children suffering from this kind of situation. These children has dif ferent reasons why they chose this kind of profession. Poverty is the majority reason why they get into it, nowadays it is in demand, they are an orphan and homeless, in immoral nature, and the other one is jobless. Time after time, child exploitation getting worse to worst.To be left homeless and abandoned at 13 years old with a younger brother to provide for was too much for Angelina. Hungry and entrustless, begging food in a public park and nowhere to go, she found hope and happiness in the offer of two women job recruiters in Angeles City, Pampanga. Angelina arrived with the pimps in Angeles two years ago. It was teeming with fat internationalers walking the gaudy neon illuminate streets with beer bellies as big as a barrel dragging a young girl by the hand and heading to a cheap motel. Angelina was now be trained to provide any affaire they wanted. Having been told that she would be serving drinks, she was put on the bar top with a dozen other young girls to dance in a biki ni for the gawking lusting customers. The Mamasan, her handler, saw that she got paid a small percentage for the drinks sold when a customer called her down to sit on his lap and shorten her again his fat stomach and kiss her with an unshaved face smelling of beer and whiskey. It repelled Angelina but for this she would earn more than what she got for just gyrating around a pole to the pounding rock music and flickering purple strobe lights.It was more money than she ever had in her constitutional life. Then she was offered an increase if she would go bar-hopping with a customer. She was promised that, that was the entire customer wanted, be seen with his trophy girl. (http//web. archive. org/web/20070927192510/http/www. preda. org/archives/2005/ r05030201. html) In research conducted inCebuin 2004, all the taxi drivers surveyed responded that they had had an encounter with a foreign phaeton accompanied by a Filipino minor.Interviews conducted in a drop-in centre for victims of c ommercial sexual exploitation (CSE) showed that 70 per cent of the girls assisted were aged between 11 and 17 years. Cebuis a prime tourist destination in the Philippines, and is advertised on websites providing information on where sex run are available. devil years ago, an American national was arrested as he tried to leave the US for the Philippines for making arrangements to have sex with two Filipino girls aged 9 and 12. There are indications that this kind of pre-arranged child sex tourism takes place in the country, and is highly facilitated by the Internet.Nationals from Austria, Australia, Belgium, Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Malaysia, the Nether bring ins and the United States have been arrested in the Philippines for sexual offences against children. (http//gvnet. com/childprostitution/Philippines. htm) In Batangas City, a Fifteen year old girl names Ana talks and dresses the way girls her age do. She wears trendy clothes imitated from models she sees in ma gazines and television shows. She also loves to have fun, and to sing. Beneath her smiles and bubbly personality, however, is a child in pain.A female recruiter, who promised Ana a job as a storekeeper in Cavite, flew her from her home province of Bukidnon to manila in January 2006. From there, she was brought to Cavite and forced to work as a guest relations officer (GRO) in a bar and, eventually, as a prostitute. With three other girls? All minors? Ana was made to work from 4 p. m. till past midnight. If the girls refused to cooperate? Steve? A nephew of the bar owner, would beat them or douse them with water. Anas branch customers were Coast Guard members who forced her to have sex with them for a fee.She took the experience with a grain of salt. Its OK. I was raped by my father when I was 7 years old? Ana said, further revealing a darker part of her life. For 10 months, Anas life was controlled by the bar owners, who offered her like a sell to patrons. (Querubin, 2007) A Fili pino Girl at the tender age of threewas forced to perform oral sex onstrangers. Whats worse is that her pimp is her own mother, a drug addict. The girls plight is shocking but not unique, said Dr Jean DCunha from the UnitedNations Development Fund for Women (Unifem).Children of increasingly young ages are being forced into prostitution to fuel thebillion-dollar tourism trade in child sex, said international experts on prostitution and humantrafficking at a company here. Add the growing number of similarly victimised young women, and the expertsbelieve that millions are being trafficked worldwide for the sex trade. They are convinced the pool isswelling, but could not offer definitive figures due to the clandestine nature of the trade. (http//web. archive. org/web/20080614060120/http/www. childexploitation. org/prostitution6. tml) The researcher conducted this research and covered this research topic is they wanted to prioritize by the law-makers this kind of illegal business, to le t the government officials realized that the country we belong is included at the ranking of this child flesh trade bodily function. To do an action to prevent this kind of illegal as well as socially proscribed. Make an organization in the community which includes rules and regulations that can avoid prostitution and especially the Laws will be tightened specially the penalties for those responsible, promoters and beneficiaries of child prostitution were increase drastically.Body Causes of Child Prostitution As mentioned by Jarapa, et al. (2000), poverty in a land laid waste by recurring typhoon which sends families running to their cities Poverty of education and the lack of relevant training which brings humiliating unemployment to the poorest of the poor Poverty of esteem and chance which prevents parents from being able to defend their youngster Poverty of the Spirit which destroys the will of the family to stay together Poverty of the mind which in the name of tourism and th e justly dollar forces children into prostitution. Ages range engage in Child ProstitutionStreet children are children who either live or work on the streets, spending a significant come in of time engaged in different occupations, with or without the care and protection of responsible adults. With ages ranging from 5 to 18 years old, these children ply the sidewalks in a larger-than-life attempt to eke out whatever meager amount they can earn for their survival. An estimated 25% live on the streets. (http//www. childhope. com. ages of child prostitution. 2003) ThePhilippinesis highly affected by all forms of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC), which seem to be closely linked and greatly impact on one another.While tourism has been used to promote economic growth, it has also resulted in child sex tourism in the Philippines. In research conducted inCebuin 2004, all the taxi drivers surveyed responded that they had had an encounter with a foreign tourist accompanied by a Filipino minor. Interviews conducted in a drop-in centre for victims of commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) showed that 70 per cent of the girls assisted were aged between 11 and 17 years. Cebuis a prime tourist destination in the Philippines, and is advertised on websites providing information on where sex services are available.Two years ago, an American national was arrested as he tried to leave the US for the Philippines for making arrangements to have sex with two Filipino girls aged 9 and 12. There are indications that this kind of pre-arranged child sex tourism takes place in the country, and is highly facilitated by the Internet. Nationals from Austria, Australia, Belgium, Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Malaysia, the Netherlands and the United States have been arrested in the Philippines for sexual offences against children. (http//www. ecpat. net. ages of child prostitution. ECPAT International. 006) No. of Child in Prostitution Filipinos mostly used women for Prostitution. The Philippines was ranked no. 4 in child Prostitution. Estimatedly 3,366 children still forced in this activity every year. Prostitution is not a business in the Philippines but an industry. (http//www. scribd. com. Prostitution. 2011) TheVirlanieFoundation, a local child protection NGO, estimated that there were at least 20 thousand child prostitutes in the country, most in the pipe Manila area. Other NGOs estimated that as many as 100 thousand children were involved in the commercial sex industry.Most of these children were girls, and nearly all had dropped out of school. These children come from very poor families with unemployed or irregularly employed parents. TheVirlanieFoundation offered housing, training, and counseling services to child prostitutes. An ILO program resulted in more than six thousand children being removed or prevented from engaging in the worst forms of child labor, including the commercial sex industry. (http//www. state. gov. com. no. o f child in prostitution. 2006) Prostitution in the Three Sociological PerspectivesAs discussed by Garcia, et al. (1986) Prostitution has Three Sociological Perspectives. Prostitution According to the Functionalists. Prostitution has sealed functions in society. It meets the need of husbands who are not fully satisfied by their wives as well as the needs of single and widowed persons who have no available sex partners. The customers are sexually gratified without any responsibility or commitment the prostitutes earn something for their everyday subsistence. It virtually becomes a matter of backchat relationship.Prostitution According to the Conflict Theorists. Prostitution is the offshoot of an unjust society in which the dominant group would always impress on the subordinate groups of their superiority not only in material possession but also in morality. They deliberately want the poor to remain poor or to become poorer so they will not be a threat to the top position they hold o n in the social ladder. Prostitution According to the Interactionists. In the head start place, the interactionists see a ganut of relationships that exist between prostitutes and their respective clients.If there are 1,001 encounters between them, expect different kinds of interactions and impressions. These are the different interpretations from four parties, namely The unite man himself I prefer staying with her than with my wife. She knows my needs and she is an expert in satisfying them. The Prostitute Well, this is what we call luck. I might as well learn to love the old man. The wife I cannot figure out why my husband goes for this whore. She is postal code compared to me. A friend of the old man Theres nothing wrong with it. Anyway we live in a double-standard society. Usual places where Prostitution occurs As explained by Perez, et al. (2000) Child prostitution exists not only in Metro Manila (M. H. del Pilar, Mabini, Sta. Monica, and Flores streets in the tourists bel t), but also in the provinces with the youngsters servicing both local and foreign clients of both sexes. The provincial areas are Puerto Galera, Mindoro Poro Point in San Fernando, La Union Bacolod City, Buhi, Camarines Sur Bulacan Mactan International Airport, Cebu Pagsanjan, Laguna Boracay Island, Aklan Angeles City Bulusan Sorsogon Cavite Olongapo City Legaspi City.Pedophiles and their sickness called Pedophilia Dr. Anthony Siracusa, a psychologist specializing in treating sexually abused children from Williamstown, Massachusetts, states that adults who have a thing for children are often stressed and anxious about relationships with other adults. According to Siracusa these people are called regressed offenders, because they are not dealing on the direct of an adult but are going back to a former period in their life. Sometimes these people bounce back and forth form a relationship with another adult to criminal relationships with children. Dr.Hord also agrees that insecurity is at the heart of the pedophiles inability to relate to an adult adumbrate relationship. Pedophiles are not capable of having a normal healthy relationship sexually and often socially with other adults. The adult relationship is difficult or even daunting for them and therefore it easier to be attracted to a child. Insecurity translates to the need to control the sexual experience and of course it is very easy to do with a child. It is not so easy to do in a healthy adult relationship. (http//mental-personality-disorders. factoidz. com. pedophilia. roach. 2009) Diseases that can be acquired by ProstitutesVeneral disease has been recognize as a health hazard for centuries. Despite the supposedly new sexual awareness, a great number of people continue to catch and transmit it. It is an infection transmitted from person to person by intimate body contact, or other forms of skin-to-skin contact with an infected person. Syphilis and gonorrhoea are two venereal disease which have reache d alarming proportions. Syphilis is caused by a corkscrew-shaped micro-organism called spirochete which enters the body mucous membranes or breaks in the skin. Gonorrhoea is caused by the bacterium gonococcus. Upon

Organisations culture Essay

1.Executive summaryIn this paper I look at how organisations develop polish and how this kitchen-gardening evict be created, manipulated and changed my management. I also look at what other factors provide change and affect a companies refining. The paper go forth maintain the following var.at. A definition of culture and the problems associated with its definition. I then look at how organisationl culture develops, with an explanation of the levels of heathen analysis, a look at the confused different fonts of culture, and the role of the leader/manager in creating the organisations culture. How culture can be changed and the learnings and actions needed by management to successfully implement a cultural change. I then finish with a conclusion.2.Defining organisational cultureWhat is organisational culture? This it has been found, is not an easy question to answer. The c formerlypt of culture has its roots in anthropology, the study of clement affairs. In this context, culture has been used to designate two different things. A tribe or a social group is studied as a culture that produces and may cast cultural artefacts. The second use of the term refers to aspects indoors a given culture, much(prenominal) as customs, rituals, k instantaneouslyledge and so on. (Sackman, S, 1991). In the context of organisational culture it is largely the second approach that is studied. Although people may not be aw be consciously of culture, it still has a persuasive shape over their behaviour and actions. (Mullins, L, 2002). This statement explains that although we may not beget the contendledge that we belong to a certain cultural group it will still father an impact on our behaviour and in an organisational sense, our working lives.The culture concept began to affect organisational thinking in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Although is it evident in brains from a number of earlier writers, for example Bernard (1938) and Jacques (1952). If we look at a number of different of organisations it is clear to see that things be done differently. This idea applies to both organisations, even in similar companies that are operating in the same industry. Tesco providesmuch the same service as Sainsburys, plainly on keep out inspection we would be able to see the differences in which the two companies operate.It is more difficult however to describe how things are done differently, or why the bon ton feels different. A major problem with the concept of culture is the degree to which individuals, organisations or entire communities display characteristics which are consistent at bottom it. (Martin, J, 2001). Do all British people display characteristics that are consistent with British culture? It is clear that although there are many similarities in the behaviour of people within a defined culture, that individual differences provide some variety. The same must(prenominal) also be assumed in the context of organisational culture.An other problem with purpose a definition for organisational culture is the sheer number of definitions that already exist. Kroeber and Kluckhorn list more than 250 definitions of culture, that include components much(prenominal) as ideas, concepts, ideologies value, attitudes, goals, norms, learned behaviours, symbols, rites, rituals, customs, myths, habits or artefacts such as tools and other material representations. (Sackman, S, 1991). This inevitably leads to confusion amongst researchers as to a universal definition of organisational culture.The term the way we do things around here (Deal and Kennedy, 1988) is ofttimes judge as an operational definition of organisational culture. However this offers little in terms of the content of culture.Kilman et al. (1985) suggests culture is the reflects the ideologies, shared philosophies, values beliefs, assumptions, attitudes, expectations, and norms of an organisation3.Levels of cultureNow we have looked at a definition of organisat ional culture we should look deeper into what develops and makes up an organisations culture.According to Schein (1985), organisational culture is made up of three levels.Visible organisational structures and processes(Hard to decipher)Strategies, goals, philosophies(Espoused justification)Unconscious, taken for granted beliefs, habits of perception, estimation thought and feeling(Ultimate source of values and action)The Levels of organizational Culture, Schein, E (1985)ArtefactsThese form the surface level of culture. They include all the things that a soul sees, hears and has contact with. In an organisation it would be the architecture of the environment such as the management hierarchy, its technology, its creations and products and its style in terms of manners of address both up and chain reactor the hierarchy, dress codes and formal procedures.Schein identifies the most beta point of this level being that artefacts are easy to identify but hard to decipher. Two organisa tions may hearty have the same system in operation but they can mean different things in terms of the culture of the organisation. Schein puts his point into an example by saying both the Egyptians and Mayas built large pyramids, but they were tombs in one culture and temples in the other. This point is contradicted by Gagliardi (1990) who says ones own response to physical artefacts such as buildings and other office layouts can lead to the identification of major images and root metaphors that reflect the deepest levels of culture.This is supported by my own experience. I have worked in a super grocery, anorganisation with a tall management hierarchy. Many of the artefacts of the organisation gave the impression of a very formal culture. A strict uni organize dress code was in place, with management wearing different colours from subordinates, and formal forms of address being used. The company was also largely bureaucratic with illimitable forms to be filled out a large number s of standard procedures in place. One person however may look at a very informal organisation and class it as inefficient and unproductive, while another may class it as innovative and free from unnecessary bureaucracy, this depends on the individuals previous preconceptions about the artefacts that are present.ValuesValues are usually one persons beliefs about a given situation. If a manager believes that at a certain time of the year his/her company should run at a lower capacity due to demand etc. This is attributed to his personal values. Only once these values are acted on, successfully implemented and accepted by the organisation do they be place transformed into implicit in(p) assumptions. From a marketing perspective, some of these values may remain conscious and may be explicitly stated in a companys mission statement as the supreme values of the organisation (Deal and Kennedy, 1982). Only values that are concrete that can be physically and socially validated, they are c onfirmed by the groups experiences, go through his transformation process.Underlying assumptionsIf a solution to a problem works frequently then it is oftentimes accepted as a rule for solving the given problem. The power of culture comes forth because these assumptions are shared within the group and are therefore mutually rein extortd. These assumptions can often cause problems when someone new, with a different set of underlying assumptions from a previous culture, joins the organisation.As humans we like stability. Any decision which challenges or questions an underlying assumption, such as changing a costing method, or a method ofproduction, will likely lead to anxiety and defensiveness within the organisation. A readiness required by managers wishing to change aspects of an organisations culture is to recognise this connection, to get to the deeper levels of culture, and to deal with the anxiety that results when these assumptions are changed.The three stages are linked cons tantly together. fundamental assumptions are treated as the essence- what culture really is and values and behaviours are treated as observed manifestations of the culture essence. (Mullins, 2002).We are able to see now how culture is developed in term of values being acted upon and accepted by the organisation, these values being transformed into underlying assumptions and the artefacts of the organisation being formed by the interpretation of these underlying assumptions.4.Types of organisational cultureHandy (1993) identifies four types of organisational culture. world-beater culturePower cultures revolve around a focal person or small group, this person or group has absolute power throughout the entire organisation. It is often found in small entrepreneurial companies, and relies largely on trust and communication. It is normally non-bureaucratic with few formal procedures. The success of the organisation depends largely on the skill of the focal person or group. fiber cultureR ole cultures are often largely bureaucratic, it is often described as a small number of senior managers resting on the strong pillars of the various functions of the organisation. Each person has a specified role within a function of the organisation which in convolute has a specified role withinorganisation as a whole. These roles are expected to be adhered to and it is rare for an individual or function to deviate into different areas of the business. Predictability and stability are two main themes within this type of culture. This type of culture often develops in large companies with large numbers of staff and a tall management hierarchy. Companies with this type of culture hightail it to have steady objectives and operate in largely predictive markets. Again this relates rearward my own experience as this type of culture is largely public in supermarket chains.Task cultureTask cultures recognise the objectives and goals of the organisation as being paramount. Handy descri bes this as a net or matrix culture. Power is often shared by a team of experts who are exceedingly manoeuvrable to type the needs of the organisation. It largely found in team or project based organisations such as consultancy firms or engineers.Person CulturePerson cultures are largely individual orientated. Any structure is solely worthy to aid the individuals within the organisation. thither is no specific power structure with individuals having complete power over their own operations. Examples of this would be barristers chambers, architects, business consultants, individuals that have come together to share resources such as office space and admin support.Some people are more suited to different types of cultures than others. Where one person will be happy working in an organisation with a task culture, he/she may feel constricted and undervalued in a role culture environment. Another person may be the opposite and may feel secure within a largely role orientated company.A n important skill for managers is being able firstly to identify the type of culture his/her organisation is operating in and then to hire the correct people for that culture, this helps in cut back any anxiety caused bychanges to underlying assumptions previously discussed. at that place are many other models of the types of organisational culture available to the researcher. Writings by Deal and Kennedy on the generic cultures, Ouchis type Z companies, and several more. The focus of this paper however is on the development and change of culture and this will be explored in the following sections.5. Factors affecting the development of cultureThe role of the founderOrganisations do not form accidentally or spontaneously. They are created because one or more individuals perceive that the coordinated and concerted action of a number of people can accomplish something that an individual cannot (Frost,p et al. 1991)At the beginning of an organisations life the founder often has comple te dominate over the organisation. He/she will make most of not all of the important decisions over all areas of the organisations operations. Because they had the original idea, founders will typically have their own notion, based on their own cultural history and personality of how to get the idea fulfilled. (Schein, 1985). Since the founder started the group it is natural to assume that he/she also impose their thoughts, values and assumptions on the group. As new members enter the group the founders assumption will be changed and modified to suit the new organisation, but will continuously have the biggest impact on what becomes the organisational culture.This has large implications for the future of the organisation. If the company was founded by an informal, easy going type of person then this is the type of organisational culture that is likely to develop. Similarly if the organisation is founded by a formal, autocratic person, the company will likely develop this kind of o rganisational culture. This will continue to form the organisations culture and have a large influence on the actions of the company even if new leaders are brought in to the organisation. The assumptions of the founder will already be deep routed and form the basis ofthe culture.SizeSize affects an organisation because of the formality that is often required in larger companies. A large company with many levels of management and a large number of functions or even businesses cannot realistically operate on an informal level. This has implications for the culture of the organisation.TechnologyIf the company uses highly technological systems and procedures in its operations ie pharmaceuticals, the cultural emphasis will be on the technical skills of its employees. A company in the service welkin may have a cultural slant towards customer service.Goals and objectivesWhat the organisation wants to achieve will also affect culture. An organisation that wishes to become a market leader may inherit cultural values that reflect that attitude, i.e. company image focused, or have a heavy marketing orientation.EnvironmentThere are many environmental factors that can affect an organisations culture, stakeholders, competitors, government etc. etc. How a company chooses to interact with each of these environmental forces will sic how the organisations culture develops.PeopleThe preferred style of work amongst both senior management and employees has a large effect on the organisations culture. If senior management essay to implement a culture that is unacceptable to employees a reaction willfollow, industrial action, low motivation, poor productivity etc. Likewise if employees attempt to force management into following their own culture then a negative reaction will also result. i.e. relocation or the replacement of workers.(Section taken from Martin, J, Organizational Behaviour, 2001)Senior management need to realise the factors that affect an organisations culture and attempt to you analyse the likely impact major business decisions may have. Failure to do may have negative consequences for the culture and hence the success of the company.6.Cultural change, the role of managementThere is some considerable debate as to whether changing something as deep-seated as collective culture is possible Writers with this view usually focus on the deeper levels of culture, the underlying assumptions. Turner (1986) supports this view by suggesting that it would not be possible to manipulate it accurately because it becomes such an integral part of the organisations fabric. Because these are taken for granted assumptions about organisational life, members cannot envision any other way of operating.Those advocating corporate culture usually focus on the surface elements of culture, the artefacts. These are more easily changed than the deeper routed assumptions. Some writers have argued that unless the deeper assumptions are changed that the company will rever t back to old ways of operating. Despite these arguments there is wide consensus that cultural change should only be attempted as a last resort and after(prenominal) other avenues have been sought.(Cummings, Worley, 1993)A primary task of management is to control the activity of employees to best serve defined organizational interests. They can achieve this control using formalized rules (bureaucratic mechanisms), economic rewards and sanctions or values and norms about how the work is to be done (clan or culturalmechanisms) (Wilkins and Ouchi, 1983 cited by Sinclair, A, 1993). This statement reflects the green view that organisational culture needs to be aligned with organisational strategy if the company is to be successful. Many companies have now realised the importance of developing strategies proportionate with the organisations culture.Sometimes however culture needs to be changed, if circumstances require an organisation to follow a particular strategic route or a signifi cant change affects the organisation i.e. market forces, government action, rapid growth etc. then the culture will have to be adjusted to suit the strategy and external environment.Managers require many skills in order to successfully change an organisations culture. It is a lengthy process that is full of danger. Staff need to be reassured and convinced that the new culture will work, otherwise defence mechanisms and the problems discussed earlier may begin show.The following guidelines to changing culture have been cited in (Cummings, T, Worley, C, Organization development and change, 1993)1.Clear strategic vision- the firm needs to have a clear view of its operational strategy if culture is to be changed. Managers need to know where the company is now and where it is planning on going.2.Top-management commitment- cultural change must be managed from the top of the organisation. Senior managers need to be committed to the new culture. They must have the staying to see the changes through.3.Symbolic leadership- executives must communicate the new culture through their own actions. Their behaviour needs to symbolise the behaviours and actions that are being sought in the entire organisation. In an example given in the text, the CEO of Dana Corporation Rene McPherson threw the companies multi-volume policy manuals into a waste paper basket during a meeting and replaced them with a one page set of principles.4.Supporting organisational change- the culture change must also be supported by changes in the organisational structure and operations, the artefacts as have already been discussed. They can get people aware of the behaviours required in the new culture for the organisation to be successful.5.Selection and socialization of newcomers and termination of deviants. One of the most important methods in changing an organisations culture is hiring the right people. This is particularly prominent in management positions where the manager has influence over the beh aviour of subordinates.6.Ethical and legal sensibility- sometimes when culture change happens some employees feel they are being hard done by, maybe due to a change in roles, due a anticipate made during the transition that has been fulfilled. This may lead to legal battles and or resignations from the company.These steps demonstrate some of the ways that managers can influence and successfully change an organisations culture. There is of course no universal solution to changing or influencing culture, all companies are different and individual approaches are more than likely necessary for cultural change to be successful.An example of cultural change is given in (Martin, J, Organizational Behaviour, 2001). In this case study of a motor car enfranchisement in the UK, the newly appointed managing director wanted to change the company culture. The existing culture was largely autocratic with instructions coming down the hierarchy and staff carrying out these instructions. She wanted to change the culture so that the company has a more had team based approach with decision making at team level and initiative being used at all levels of the organisation.To do this she had to use drastic tactics such as showing staff a video of disappointed customers and even accepting a loss in revenue while the changes were being made. Along with this approach she introduced many changed such as more staff training, revision of pay schemes, continuous improvement groups, multi-functional teams etc. After three years the culture change was deemed complete and she could turn her hand to the future of the company.This case study highlights the often drastic measures and level of commitment that is required by managers to introduce a culture change to an organisation.7.ConclusionIt is comparatively clear that organisational culture exists and that it plays a huge part in an organisations actions and the behaviour of its employees. Very few writers now argue with this point. I have discussed how culture develops in an organisation and the different levels and types of culture that emerge. Referring back to the second part of the original question, we have seen how managers can influence and attempt to change an organisations culture and the various problems that are encountered in this process. Although there are debates as to whether an organisations culture can or cannot be changed it would seem that there is a mid-point between the two arguments.There are examples of successful culture changes and I have given one in the text. It is clear that if properly organised and implemented a cultural change can be achieved. However we cannot assume that the culture has been changed all together. If the underlying assumptions are as strong as Schein and other writers claim then these will always affect the company culture in some shape or form. If the new culture is not carefully controlled could reappear. To conclude I would say, although cultural can be changed to suit the environment and organisational strategy, that managers should be cautious take into account the underlying principles that govern the organisational culture.8.ReferencesMartin, J, (2001), Organizational Behaviour, 2nd edn, Thomson LearningMullins, L, (2002), Management and Organisational Behaviour, 2nd edn, financial Times, Prentice HallSchein, E, (1992), Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2nd edn,Jossey-Bass Inc.Cummings, T and Worley, C, (1993), Organization Development and Change, 5th edn , West Publishing CompanySackman, S, (1991), Cultural knowledge in Organizations Exploring the Collective Mind, Sage PublicationsFrost, P et al. (1991), Reframing Organizational Culture, Sage PublicationsSinclair, A, (1993), Approaches to organisational culture and ethics, daybook of Business Ethics, Dordrecht Jan 1993. Vol. 12, Iss. 1 pg. 63, 11 pgsWilson, A (2001), Understanding organisational culture and the implications for corporatemarketing, European Journal of Marketing, Br adford, Vol. 35, Iss. 3/4 pg. 353

Judgement Day

First of tout ensemble, let me apologise for our pathetic performance against Crystal Palace. Enough has been said rough that already, and now we must focus positively on this afternoons match. Its a game we must win, and then keep or fingers crossed about the eventual outcome. I dont want to think about the unthinkable. The colourful, shiny programme I held in my hands trembled as I read this. It was from the weekly interview with the Portsmouth F. C. manager, Graham Rix. It sounded a long way away from the cool and collected manager, who had denied alone problems and remained optimistic until this day.For you see, this was no ordinary day, no ordinary Saturday match for the inhabitants of the bustling south bank city of Portsmouth. This was like something out of a cheesy American movie. It was the belong day of the season and, as they had been forced to do four times in the pull round six years, Portsmouth had to win to stay in the division. It was their testify fault reall y, as many a Pompey fan would admit. They had spurned their chance to escape this stomach day nerve-jangler only three days prior to this momentous day.The chance had arisen when they played Crystal Place, the team wholeness place below them, the place feared by managers and fans alike, the final relegation place. It had been a cold, damp night at Fratton Park, and yet still, the Pompey faithful wore only the shimmering glowering and gold shirt, onto which, the Portsmouth badge was stitched. They had turned out in there hoards, believing this would be the night when our troubles came to an end, and after which we could relax, safe in the knowledge that we would remain in Division One for at least one more year.It was evident as the match kicked off that all was non well, as Palace stroked the ball virtually the park with ease, confident in their own surviving ability. This confidence paid off, and, within the first ten minutes of the match they had scored. They kept going, and by half(a) time they were leading the uncomfortable looking royal blues 3-0. The rot continued, and despite a bright spell of ten minutes, in which they clawed it approve from the brink to 3-2, the final score was one of woe for Portsmouth.The match finished 4- 2, with Portsmouth playing abysmally, and giving themselves a severe up hill struggle, needing to win by two or more goals on the last day, against a strong Barnsley team, whilst also counting on Crystal Palace or Huddersfield to lose. The crestfallen fans trudged home, pouring into the gloomy streets, no doubt feeling as bad as the dire weather. There were mutterings of discontent all over the town, about the manager, about the team, and most worryingly, about the future. It was obvious to me, from his emotional spill in the programme, that Rix had also felt this bitterness as he left the stadium.It was this I hoped, as I moved along with the surging mass of blue, that would keep us up, that finally we had a manager who cared about the team, not just his bank account. I noticed that, alike the sea of friends I did not know, I had been overtaken by a strange numbness, a sort of hollowness, which rendered me unable to speak or sing along with the rest. As I handed my ticket to the collector upon move into the lower east KJC stand, he seemed to notice my nervousness, and gave me a wink or reassurance, and told me it would be ok.This went a great deal to settling my nerves, but it was not to the luxuriouslyest degree as soothing as the great roar that greeted me, as I stepped out from the stairs to find my seat, sifting through with(predicate) the cheering fans. It was quite only when breath taking in all my life I am unable to recall another time when I had received such a rush of adrenaline. After taking to my seat I soon joined in with the familiar chants that had graced the base for decades before, and lost my already quivering voice in the process.Then, the place went silent, as our chairman , Milan Mandric came out of the tunnel, looking as anxious as we all felt. He made a speech, which reverberated over the ancient tannoy, shaking the stands. He re tallyd us that this team was his heart, and we, were his blood. We were, in his eyes, the best followers he could ask hoped for, and he then thanked us for coming, and made his way up the stairs of the stand, and sat down among the fans, much to their delight. The team then crossed the threshold of the tunnel, and entered the hallowed turf of Fratton Park to a standing ovation.It was the biggest game of their lives, but they did not show it, warming up as usual, and signing autographs for the children. Then, as they stripped from their masterminding kits to reveal the kit, that every young boy from the area dreams of putting on, the ground seemed to take on an eerie silence. This continued for a few more minutes right up to the start of the match, when only then it was bustn by the referees whistle, signifying one of th e most important games in the history of the club, and certainly the most important in my short lifetime. This was it This was the matchAll of 16,000 people, the capacity drive at Fratton Park held their breath, said their prayers, and hoped that after the ninety minutes had ended they would be cheering again. As the whistle sounded the clustering exploded into noise, with the fans hollering out the tralatitious morale boosting songs, unique to Portsmouth. Barnsley didnt know what hit them. From the start they faced wave after wave of attack from the blend of youth and experience that was the Portsmouth team, most of which broke onto the defensive rock that was Darren Barnard, the Welsh international.Then, as time went on the constant pressure applied from Portsmouth began to show, the lackadaisical Matt Appleby pondered too long on what to do next and was caught in possession by the energetic local boy, Gary ONeil. He powered his was down the wing, and swung in an accurate, curl ing cross. This was met by the huge frame of function Portsmouth fan and player Lee Bradbury, who powered the Blues into the lead by steering the ball past the hapless keeper, Kevin Miller, into the net. Before the ball had even fey the floor the crowd were on their feet, sheer jubilation running through them, as they hugged strangers, and friends alike.They could sense something special was on the way. I leapt up from my seat, throwing my programme to the floor, and cheered all I could, losing my voice, which I had only just regained. Among the crescendo of clapping and cheering the game had already started again. There was a buzz among the crowd, as the players in blue seemed to swarm the ill-fated Barnsley defence, pouncing on every mistake. After a swift attack in which Barnsley committed many men forwards, Portsmouth broke, tearing up the field, brush the ball from left to right.Lee Sharpe came up with it, on the left flank, and violently lashed it centrally, towards the adv ancing run of Gary ONeil. The wayward defence watched, as he cut through them expertly, until he had a clear chance at goal. I was amazed at his composure, as most experienced players would, by now, just have belt it goal bound and hoped for the best, but ONeil calmly and collectedly dinked the ball over the advancing keeper, and landed it in the far corner of the goal, where it rolled over the line. The crowd again detonated a chorus of cheers and clapping.ONeil ran over to the crowd in celebration, and was instantly mobbed by the devotees, who were restrained by the stewards, who themselves were in a jubilant mood. All around me I could see happy faces, it was not their dream come true, but their nightmare vanquished, and I revelled with them in delight. It was, in hindsight, a little presumptuous of us though, to have celebrated already, as there was still another half to go. The first half in fact drew to a close with the booking of Bruce Dyer, who was beginning to get frustra ted by the constant badgering from the home supporters.At half time the multitude of persons arose, and filed off, to get their customarily dodgy half time snack, of pies, tea and choco upstart. Whilst down there though, many people began cheering, for what seemed like no reason, but then it was made public over the tannoy that at that particularized moment in time both Huddersfield and Palace were losing, and if all stayed as it was we would stay up. Still, I was worried, football is a cruel game, and Portsmouth had been known for conceding late goals, costly ones. As I stepped back out onto the terracing I glanced around at the surroundings.It was an ocean of blue, shone upon by the sun, on a hot May afternoon. It all seemed calm, all problems washed away, knowing that we were all in this together, and that, come rain or shine, we always would be. It was a touching moment I can assure you. The next half continued as the first half finished, which was brilliant from our point of v iew, as we had been playing out of our socks for the first 45 minutes. The players had obviously measuredly not been told about the results elsewhere, as they still set about their task with a great sense of urgency, giving their all.The more and more we attacked the more recalcitrant Barnsley became, and soon the constant failure of all of Portsmouths attacks began to frustrate some of the Portsmouth players. What happened next horrified the Pompey faithful, as an off the ball argument soon developed into a brawl, in which Shaun Derry crudely head-butted Barnsleys captain Neil Shipperly, breaking his nose. For this pointless act of violence Derry was rightfully dismissed, and even the bluenose Portsmouth fans did not complain.Whilst Shipperly was replaced by Rory Fallon, Portsmouth adjusted their formation to cope with existence a man down. There were whispers behind me that this was the changing point, and that all our good work had been undone. It was a worrying time to be a f an, and the jitteriness of the crowd returned. But my worries were soon quashed, as Portsmouth seemed not to be affected by their numerical disadvantage, and played some lovely flowing football, all applauded riotously by the fans. It was a long period of sustained build up play that led to the third goal.The ball had been played backwards, and forwards, as Portsmouth, instead of launching high balls over the top, decided to probe their opponents, and retain possession. This worked a treat, as a great link up between ONeil and Mills put through Bradbury, who, with never-ending space took the ball cheekily around the keeper, and slotted the ball home, into the unguarded net. Barnsley were broken, their spirit crushed, they had been out played in every dimension and they knew it. The crowd also knew it, and call out in great approval, as the minutes passed by at a snails pace.After what seemed like an eternity the referee began to look down at his watch. At this the Portsmouth fans prompted him by whistling to a deafening pitch, and after two more minutes of this the referee, who had performed well, blew for time. For a second there was silence, an aura of disbelief brush over the stands. I stood there taking it all in, pinching myself, aware that I had just been privileged enough to witness one of the greatest moments in the clubs history. My train of thought was broken, by the rather poignantly apt Great Escape theme being blasted out of speakers all around the ground.The crowd got their voice back again, and scenes of celebrations soon followed. I was swept along, on a wave of euphoria with the crowd onto the pitch, where the players were lifted high above the heads of the crowd, on their shoulders. Flags were hoisted up around the ground, and the intelligence operation cameras were all over the place, interviewing fans, interviewing players. I came upon one interview with the relieved Graham Rix. On one of the greatest days of my life, I stood there, list ening to what he had to say, along with a great number of fans, who waited to congratulate him after.His words at first were serious, stating, that this would never happen again. How many times I had heard that in the last six years. But there was something about this man, something different. He cared. We all knew it, and we all knew that he would do everything in his power to keep his promise. His next words smitten a particular chord with me, and have stuck with me ever since. His face changing from one of happiness to one of ambition, as his delivered his final words, just think how those fans would have reacted if we could really give them something to celebrate

Weight Loss Intervention Programs Health And Social Care Essay

Outline This is a 5 page project- APA format, discoursing metric slant unit loss intercession computer programmes for folksy African American crowing females. The intend assess rural African American bragging(a) females of age group 45- 60 with an purpose of growth and implementing tilt loss care preparation plan for the group. It so betters, implements and evaluates the plan. The paper relies on 4 beginnings.weighting Loss Maintenance Training Program for Rural African American Women Aged 45-60Rationale of the travailRural African American gravid females are disproportionally happen uponed by fleshiness and are at hazard of many diseases that are accelerated by fleshiness. Weight loss and care is the cardinal response to this job ( Flegal, Carroll, Ogden and Johnson, 2000 ) . Surveies invite shown that despite the fact that 70 % of African American boastful females want to retrogress weight, merely 50 % are actively retardking to lose weight and that African Ameri can grown females practically lose little weight than other cultural groups ( Mack, Anderson, Galuska, Zablotsky, Holtzman and Ahluwalia, 2000 ) .Studies have farther shown that such(prenominal) adult females engage in weight loss methods for shorter periods of clip. ( Ard, Rosati and Oddone, 2000 ) observes that there is great demand to increase apprehension of weight loss care among African American adult females, use evocation process from the theory of mean behaviour to specify the concepts of attitude, subjective norms and sensed behaviour control sing weight loss and care, and organise relevant questionnaire that can be used to research weight loss and care, peculiarly for rural African American adult females aged 40- 60Importance of Weight Loss Maintenance for Rural African- American WomenCare of weight loss among rural African Americans is of import because organic body coordinate weight is a factor in etiology and engineerion of many diseases for which fleshiness and corpulence are lending factors such as diabetes and its complications. Weight decrease contributes to reduced insulin opposition, a decrease in impaired glucose tolerance and therefore a better direction of diabetic complications ( Anderson, et Al, 1997 ) .Anderson, et Al ( 1997 ) further indicates that surveies measuring organic social system form, size and organic structure satisfaction have shown that rural African American adult females prefer big organic structures than those preferred by fair adult females and besides, rural African American adult females have significantly big organic structures than their white opposite numbers. In these surveies, African- American adult females thought of their big organic structure sizes to be more attractive to the opposite sex and healthier than age matched white adult females. It is clear from these surveies that African- American adult females had more positive perceptual follow outs of their big organic structures and were less apt(predicate) to lose and keep weight loss because they considered dieting patterns as harmful patterns related to binge-eating syndrome and anorexia.Lieberman et Al, ( 2003 ) intelligibly shows that aged rural African American adult females were 0.6 times every bit likely to experience guilty after gorging, 0.4 seasonably as likely to diet and 2.5 times every bit likely to be satisfied with their weight and 2.7 times every bit likely to see themselves attractive. In a big sample of aged adult females, 40 % of corpulence and corpulent African American adult females were aged 25- 64 and they considered themselves to be really attractive or attractive. It has besides been established that African American adult females who are overweight selected a desirable organic structure size that is significantly small than they perceived their current size to be ( Anderson, et Al, 1997 ) .Based on these surveies, it is of import for fleshiness intervention plans to see cognitive facet and organic structure image perceptual experiences in their design of effectual weight loss and weight loss care intercessions. This forms the footing of this plan.Undertaking PlanThis undertaking is designed to strive consciousness of weight loss care to rural African American adult females. The plan label adult females of ages 40-60 and allow be implemented throughout different selected local community centres in twain Florida rural communities to guarantee that a broad population is covered. The plan volition be implemented by societal wellness workers, who forget develop selected 20 African- American adult females from each of the two Florida rural communities chosen on importance of weight loss care utilizing elicitation process from the theory of plan behaviour to specify the concepts of attitude, subjective norms and sensed behaviour control sing weight loss and care, and develop relevant questionnaire that can be used to research weight loss and care, peculiarly for rur al African American adult females. The trained adult females will so develop other African- American adult females of ages 40 60. This plan will last for a period of 16 months, including 8 moths rating period, whereby selected participants will be evaluated on the footing of their wellness beliefs, dietetic consumption, activity degrees, and forms and conformity with diet.Undertaking ExecutionThe plan seeks to educate the selected group on significance of weight loss care and its benefits. Trainers will actively affect selected group in treatments on fleshiness, weight loss and care of weight loss in separate to understand their perceptual experiences on this subject before educating them on wellness hazards and dangers associated with fleshiness and corpulence, while doing usage of practical illustrations.During the preparation, perceptual experiences of organic structure size in older rural African- American adult females in two rural Florida communities will be assessed through web sampling. Ten persons in their 40 s, ten in their 50 s and ten in their 60 s will be chosen to take part in 8 month rating of place direction schemes for weight loss care. The survey will measure wellness beliefs, dietetic consumption, activity degrees, and forms and conformity with diet. Photographs of participants will be taken to measure organic structure images. Body images will be presented in four sets of depiction enlarged or reduced in size utilizing an anamorphic lens to find if the organic structure weight will be above or below the desirable weight based on consensus of geriatric doctors. The weight classs will be classified as really thin, thin, normal, corpulent and really corpulent. Participants will be asked to depict these images, based on 12 properties, viz. attraction, wellness, organic structure size, cooking ability, likeliness of high blood pressure, politeness, achiever, felicity, desirable organic structure size, worrying behaviour and friendliness.By actively poignant members of selected group, trainers will discourse current behaviour, beliefs and misconceptions that have contributed to big per centums of corpulent and fleshy instances among rural African American adult females and come up with a manner frontward through active engagement of both the trainers and the group being trained to develop a questionnaire that can be used for single judgement of weight loss care to guarantee efficiency and success of the full undertaking.Undertaking EvaluationUndertakings success will be evaluated based on informations obtained during 8 moths single rating. Using photographic organic structure images, each of the 12 properties will be assessed to give per centum of those who will hold maintained their organic structure weight loss throughout the plan.Teaching and Learning Principles UsedIn implementing this undertaking, trainers bear in mental capacity that grownups are independent and self directed. They will therefore put the pers ons being trained free to direct themselves. Trainers will actively affect members in larning procedure and service as facilitators for them. Trainers will let participants to dare duty for presentations and group leading.Facilitators besides understand that participants have accumulated a foundation of look experiences and cognition, and will therefore demand to link this preparation to participants knowledge and see base.Trainers will bear in channel that they are covering with a group of grownups, who are end and relevance oriented and must understandably see the ground for this plan. Trainers will hence hold to do this acquisition applicable to existent life state of affairss of the groupUndertaking EvaluationUpon completion of the undertaking, its success will be evaluated, based on the undermentioned standards .. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence and tendencies in fleshiness among US grownups, 1999-2000. JAMA. 2002 288 ( 14 ) 1723-7.Ard JD, Rosati R, Oddone EZ. Culturally-sensitive weight loss plan produces all important(p) decrease in weight, blood force per unit area, and cholesterin in eight hebdomads. J Natl Med Assoc. 2000 92 ( 11 ) 5ANDERSON, L. A. , G. R. JANES, D. C. ZIEMER,L. S. PHILLIPS, Diabetes Educ. , 23 ( 1997 ) 301.L. S. Lieberman et Al. Body Image in Women with NIDDM, Coll. Antropol. 27 ( 2003 ) 1 79-86Siteshypertext transfer communications protocol //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2219715/

Why Obama Won the 2012 Election

Why Obama win the 2012 election The American elections of 2012 was genuinely competitive between the Democrat candidate Barrack Obama, who was the president then, and Mitt Romney, the republican candidate. The campaigns and presidential debates were quite heated and as has been earlier mentivirtuosod, it was tight for each of them as polls intelligibly indicated that both Obama and Romney had more(prenominal) or little an equally uplifted chance of winning the presidential elections.Demographics play a significant part in seeing Obama take the sidereal day. The groups of mint that actually made the variation include groups of young women, African Americans, Hispanics and Asian Americans. Some of the states in which Obama won include recent York, New Jersey, New Mexico, Maryland, Wyoming, Colorado, Florida, Ohio, Maine, Illinois, Massachusetts, Oregon, New Hampshire, Vermont, Pennsylvania, California, Washington DC and Rhode Island (Sherman, 2012).President Barack Obama sig nificantly everyplacecame a bad economy, a fractured political landscape, high unemployment which gave him a great advantage over his challenger. When it comes to the states, it is seen that Obama took a number of key battlegrounds sates. As has been earlier pointed out, the northeast states remained loyal to Obamas column by significant margins. In addition to this, he took no less than six of the nine swing states including Ohio. In the end, the fifty one year old president had more than the two hundred and s even soty votes that would guarantee him a win.It is interesting to note that the New Jersey electorate, even with the major challenge of the Hurricane Sandy, showed their faith in the president underscore and in addition to this, just to emphasize their solidarity for the Democrats, reelected Robert Menendez the Senator. He defeated the Republican Joe Kyrillos quite easily (Heavey, 2012). In my opinion, one of the major reasons why Obama won the 2012 presidential election s is that he had a unique campaigning strategy. It is seen that Barack Obama displayed great skill in micro-targeting voters, strategic planning, messaging, and genteelness funds to boost his campaign.Obama also got into the challenge with in-built advantages . Obamas family remained increasingly popular, with Michelle Obama having succeeded in portraying a affirmative image of Obamas administration. His appeal to a wide public caused him to be the preferred candidate over Romney. The federal governments bailout of Chrysler and General Motors as well as Barracks confederation support was essential in winning the election. This was seen particularly in Ohion where out of every eight persons, one has a job in the auto industry.Across the upper Midwest from Ohio to Pennsylvania to Wisconsin to Michigan, the operations of the unions voter turn out to a significant extent supplemented the efforts of Obama. Obama also used complaisant media efficaciously to win the election. Analysts have states that Barack Obama campaign mission was to involve people through with(predicate) empowerment. It is also said that his was the very first political campaign in history to ultimately harness the real power of social media to garner support spread the word and get people engaged and involved.Baracks campaign succeeded in reaching five million supporters on fifteen different social networks during the campaign period (Heavey, 2012). He used social media to establish energy of participation as well as a sensory faculty of purpose in their supporters. He used the social media as the vehicle to connected real people in real time and enthusiasm as well as providing an easy and accessible platform to demonstrate their support for change through President Obama. There are central lessons which can be drawn from the 2012 American elections.For any presidential candidate, or political aspirant for that mat matter, it is crucially important to lay focus on the individual. Peop le felt connected to Obama on an individual basis because he managed to think of one American as opposed to American citizens as a group. He cogitate on the teacher, health official, mother, child in his campaigns. Another significant lesson is the importance of authenticity. Because of his connection with people through thw social web, Obama managed to prove his authenticity to the voters.In his Facebook page for instance he indicated his favorite music, movies, interests and kept his followers updated on his campaign. It made him real and authentic. Every single bit of support ultimately counts. Obama acknowledged that everyone, despite their backgrounds or income, is equally important in driving the wheels of change. This is the attitude that ought to be carried along in political bids and campaigns (Sherman, 2012). A huge margin win was unexpected because as the results trickled in, Barack and Romney were hot on each others heels.This was clear right from the onset of the presi dential debates that preceded the elections, where both parties gave a considerably good show. The impact of social media as has been earlier mentioned was profound. This was not expected because other previous political campaigns had not to a largish extent been influenced by this technology. All the same, when Romney conceded to defeat, it was clear for Americans that it was quite difficult to make predictions as to who would take the day as both candidates had equally strong support from the American citizens (Heavey, 2012).References Obama wins 2012 presidential election, defeats Romney in tight run NJ. com. (n. d. ). New Jersey Local News, Breaking News, Sports & Weather NJ. com. Retrieved November 26, 2012, from http//www. nj. com/politics/index. ssf/2012/ Heavey, S. (n. d. ). Obama win shows demographic shifts working against Republicans Reuters. business concern & Financial News, Breaking US & International News Reuters. com. Retrieved November 26, 2012, from http//www . reuters. com/article/2012/11/08/us-usa-campaign-diversity-new-idUSBRE8A70QK20121108