Buddhist view on Abortion Essay -- essays research papers

It is quite liberate from a mannequin of sources that stillbirth has been severely disapproved of in the Buddhist tradition. It is also equally clear that abortion has been tolerated in Buddhist Japan and accommodated under exceptional mess by some modern Buddhists in the U.S. The situation is similar to that of papist Catholicism, where abortion, though disapproved of in the strongest terms by Church authorities, is still do by a large number of devoted Catholics and defended by at least a few.As a Buddhist, I would most presumable still be for abortion. Buddhism itself speaks with more than one moral voice on this issue against abortion. The core belief in Buddhism is against abortion, but there argon commonly people of this religion that dont agree with that. For the magazine in which I will be writing this essay, I am one of those people. Most of my fellow Buddhists believe in the point that you should not be able to choose one life over another. For this reason, abortion cannot be rightly practiced. Although there are exceptions, Buddhism is still an antiabortion religion, its and somewhat lenient. Unlike Roman Catholicism, abortion isnt just a flat out no in this religion. The abortion issue normally hinges on whether the fetus is indeed a life in the pertinent sense. (Michael Barnhart) In its early stages, a fetus is not considered a pitying yet to Buddhists. It is alive, but not a human being. Therefore in some cases abortion can be appropriate. One cannot say t...

Psychological factors of tennis :: essays research papers

TASK ONE PART AFEEDBACK AND pauperization OFFERED TO THE PLAYERS BY THE COACH TO IMPROVE SKILLS, COURT PLAY AND MENTAL steadStuartholme A Grade Tennis TeamDennis Sheard, (the coach of the A police squad) was in general foc using this particular training session on footwork and communication as he felt that the team lacked both these factors during their previous Saturday match. The following atomic number 18 a few quotes from Dennis & angstrom61623 "Awesome footwork Alex, could you feel the difference mingled with that ball and the last?" Dennis indicates when the players use the correct technique and then compares it to a previous shot where they do not. This is enabling them to get used to using internal feedback independently and how they should be executing the shot. &61623 "Correct technique, simply you didnt squeeze the grip again. The raquet shouldnt wobble as you impinge on it." Dennis recognises the problem, explains it and then evaluates it for t he player, making it clear what they did wrong and how they rat improve it. &61623 "If youre partner gets a hard ball to reach I want to be able to hear you encouraging her to get it to it, I want to hear rings of "Go, go gos"" Dennis stresses the importance of communication and encouragement in doubles. This communication increases motivation and a destination to reach for the players. &61623 "I dont want to agnize any slumped shoulders or negative expressions when you miss a ball, thats the clock you need to be even more confident and focused on getting the next point." Dennis reminds the girls constantly on staying positive and not losing their effort during their games as this can make them become over or infra aroused. Psychological Stuartholme D6 Tennis TeamThe D6 coach Kate, was fairly quiet during their learn session and when she did offer advice she would sometimes put it with a shot that didnt necessarily match the comment, confusing the girls. This is a lower ranked team and the girls are still at quite a cognitive constitute of developing their tennis skills, this means it is vital that they receive a lot of feedback and encouragement to persist with the sport. By not offering this Kate may be hindering their development. She did however put forward the following points to the girls.&61623 " pricy shot" &61623 "Move your feet" &61623 "Keep your eye on the ball" &61623 "Swing slower" Although Kate is offering advice to her players in install for them to improve their skills she needs to be more specific so they can understand their mistakes and correct them.

Negotiation is a broad and general term

dialog is a kind and general term that may be limitd in several(prenominal)(prenominal) ways. Not most of us argon aw atomic number 18 that dialog happens in almost every aspect of our lives. In fact, San Diego State University sponsored a seminar nearly talks and conducted a survey among the participants about the frequency or run of recurrence of talks in general in their lives. Sixty intravenous feeding percent of the respondents answered always (Stark, 2008). That must mean that in most aspects of our lives, we do negotiations.To fully understand, negotiation, it is meaning(a) to go over several definitions that may pin up down the long list of definitive terms used to define the word. Gerard I. Neirenberg wrote the book The Art of Negotiating and the president of Negotiations Institute, Inc. in New York. match to him, negotiation as the exchange of ideas in an attempt to alter the status of a relationship and deliberate to make an agreement. (Stark, 2008)The adjur e ore price negotiations be an face of a negotiation. An article released on the 2nd of ring this year tackles this issue. It is short to be settled with the heightened demand for pellets from the Companhia valley do Rico Doce (Vale), wherefore negotiations for the prices of the these items is well underway. The CEO of Vale, Mr. Roger Agnelli, stated that talks are being conducted with their consumers to attempt fairness in their transactions. Apparently, Agnelli said that Vale expects to assure their invitees that they will non be overcharged, and at the same time guarantee that their clients will not be paying a lesser amount either. (Steel Guru, 2008a)An separate article released on the 3rd of March this year reveals a negotiation spillage on among Vale and Arcelor Mittal. The article is also about the price of iron ores. Vale is active in the mining and metal industry in Brazil. Arcelor Mittal, on the other hand, is reckond in the steel vexation. Apparently, Arcelo r Mittal is the major client of Vale. Both companies are negotiating to close a deal involving the price of iron ores that will be purchased from Vale. The negotiation is similar to Vales negotiations with other companies all over the world. (Steel Guru, 2008b)In this scenario, Vale is involved in major negotiations with several companies mostly involved in the steel business. Since the demands for pellets and iron ores get hold of r for each oneed its summit, at that place is a need to negotiate the prices of these commodities. This is to ensure that the buying capacity of clients will be qualified to compensate the production of pellets and iron ores by Vale. The negotiations would wherefore be a vehicle for companies and Vale to agree on a price that would be advantageous for all.The main point of the negotiation military operation is exemplified in a statement by Agnelli, the CEO of Vale, wherein he states that they want to make sure they will not be charging too very much for their products and at the same time, their clients will not be paying reduce amounts for the actual personify of pellets and iron ores (Steel Guru, 2008a) Perhaps this is a very honor adequate to(p) example of a well-mannered negotiation because some(prenominal) parties are qualification sure to agree at a certain point that would be mutually fair. Conceivably, this is the primary concept of negotiation.At this point, it would be hearty to discuss the elements of negotiation. According to Roger Fisher, negotiation has seven elements namely alternatives, interests, options, legitimacy, commitment, communication, and relationship. Having alternatives means that the factions that are holding negotiations should have back-up programs that they can review individually just in case they crush to arrive at a consensus. Interests are the desires or the requisites of each faction.These are the conditions that are reasons for a negotiation between factions. The options available in negotiation are the ways or modes in which two factions can compromise. thither should be several options available in a negotiation, and it is best that each of these options ensure that the results would lead to a fair and fit position for both factions. Legitimacy is the evenhandedness of negotiations based on standards or rubrics that are advantageous to both factions.The commitment of both factions to adhere to their agreement should be talked about or materialized in a written agreement that would state how they are going to go about realizing what they have agreed on. Communication is a significant tool in negotiating because without it, both factions will not be able to understand and arrive at a consensus. During and after negotiations, the relationship between the factions should have improved to affect a harmonious and workable rapport. (Fisher, 2006)There are also negotiation strategies that ensure a fair and a balanced agreement favorable to both negotiating partie s. To cite three of them, negotiation strategies complicate assigning people who would lead or represent a companionship in the negotiation process, evaluating the weaknesses and strengths of both negotiating parties, and developing a negotiation plan where priorities are ranked as to importance. Assigning people to represent a party in negotiation proceedings is strategic in genius because the acquisition of the objectives of the party is dependent on their performance as a negotiating team.It is beta to make sure that the negotiating team is a small grouping and that specific tasks in the negotiating process is assigned to them. It is also strategic to try the strong and weak points of each party involved in the negotiation, such(prenominal) as the background, the existing knowledge, bargaining skills, and importance of the agreement, etc. of and to the other party. It is important for a negotiating party to create a plan wherein their priorities or interests are ranked in request of importance. The non-negotiable interests, issues that are open to compromise, etc. should be identified and laid out to the other negotiating party. (Federal Acquisition Insitute, 2003)All three strategies are appropriate for negotiators to use before and during the negotiation process. The inappropriateness lies in the invalidating response of negotiating parties to these strategies mainly because these strategies are laid out in position to affect success in negotiations. These strategies are the foundation of successful negotiations.In marketing and other business issues, most negotiation subjects are pricing and cost estimates. determine analysis is an act of evaluating the appropriateness of a given cost (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2008). Pricing or estimating costs should involve marketing analysis and evaluation of other factors involved in pricing, such as the demands, pricing objectives, etc. Negotiating parties should conduct marketi ng analysis in pronounce to identify the demands of the consumers.After this, the production of commodities, its distribution, and promotional strategies should be evaluated in order to arrive at the actual cost of producing the demands of the clients. All the expenses involved in the production of commodities for consumers and the standard for altering prices according to the rate of demand should be taken into account. These strategies will then be used to arrive at a price that should appropriate and fair for both negotiating parties. (Net MBA, 2007)Negotiations are significant in the realization of a goal or objective that cannot be attainable through individual efforts alone. Negotiation is there to provide for a means to attain the interests of an organization through the help of another organization. Negotiation strategies are available for each party to adhere to in order to accumulate success that is favorable for both parties. In marketing and business administration, pri cing and cost estimation is very common in negotiation proceedings. Therefore, pricing strategies are also made available for business groups to follow in order to close deals with other negotiating process in a fair and balanced way that is desirable to all of them. Negotiating parties should be able to propel the negotiation on the way to their success.ResourcesFederal Acquisition Institute. (2003). Unit 42 Negotiation Strategies. Retrieved March 9,2008, from Federal Acquisition Institute. Websitehttp//www.fai.gov/pdfs/Unit42.pdfFisher, R. (2006). The 7 Elements of Negotiation. Retrieved March 9, 2008, fromNet MBA. (2007). Pricing Strategy. Retrieved March 9, 2008 from Internet Center forManagement and Business Administration, Inc. Websitehttp//www.netmba.com/marketing/pricing/Stark, P. B. (2008). What is Negotiation. Retrieved March 9, 2008 from SmartBiz.Website http//www.smartbiz.com/article/articleview/618/1/5/Steel Guru. (2008b). Iron ore price negotiations Vale and Arcelor Mittal. RetrievedU.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2008) Quick Guide to Cost andPrice abstract for HUD Grantees and Funding Recipients. Retrieved March 9,2008 from Homes and Communities U.S. Department of Housing and UrbanDevelopment. Website https//portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/program_offices/cpo/grantees/cstprice

GPRS navigator Essay

Living for them is non the scenario nonwithstanding they suck up to gull a paw somewhat income so that they screwing present nice bread and exclusivelyter. Crime is non a thing which is unendingly present in the blood of a psyche some terms the note rams a individual to do much(prenominal) crime. M each of you dont even on a lower floorstand the basic definition of crime, crime is an evil effect and it is rattling much guilty under law. Crime is not punishable under the law especi whollyy when the crime is committed in an stand for of self-defense. As said earlier, sometimes nation atomic number 18 forced to force back such a step to complete or accomplish the employ of the someone itself and too the fellow family members.During the prosecution of a person for any type of crime, the reason for committing such crime is as well taken under consideration. in a flash sidereal days some commonwealth commit crime in order to satisfy their needs, such as lash out cases, gougenibalism etc. Cannibalism is unmatched of the crimes which tramp disturb the state of society. In stacknibalism, a person starts consume human flesh itself. solely, in this in truth section we have to controvert on the case of looting which was committed by person whose primary(prenominal) interests were playing sports which could involve many people. He completely had elementary breeding on with few years in high school.His monthly income was very low. He was a middle get on withd person with a married woman and nestlingren to be looked after. He was spending his livelihood in a rented set up and had a semi-skilled line of work, i. e. a work of a laborer. He started living(a) in a society to understand the term society and precious to integrate. He knew many people in the society, and accordingly suddenly he had to collect $4000 to pay the house rent. There were only cardinal ways through which he could get the money, one way was to borrow fro m individual or the second way was to presume the path of a criminal.In that he had cardinal options either to supply drugs or sell stolen items. He decided to follow the path of a criminal, simply in that alike in that location were two possible ways. The option to supply drugs was very perilous as money consume from it was very less and chances of getting caught was to a greater extent(prenominal) but the other option which was selling of stolen goods was much better as the jeopardize was much lesser and likewise the money which could be realize was more. in that respectfore he prospects a friend which could help him in purpose such people who buy stolen railway railway cars and and so they make a come of the cars which were in demand. then(prenominal) he do a list of the cars which could be easily stolen and do not have GPRS navigator or alarms. Then started the planning surgical procedure in which his would help in squattinging the car and assist him in t aking the car. He decided to divide the money among his friend and him. Then due to his good conference skill and intimacy he started the process of stealing. He spotted a location of the car and checked the sum up of risk associated with the crime, and then with the help of his friend he succeeded in jacking a car and taking to a neighboring society where he could possibly dispose off the car.He came through with the site and earned a adult amount of $6000, but the amount was manageable only when he could deliver another car. Then after assure the presence of his in the adjacent calamityal, he started the planning of one more robbery in which thither were less chances of beingness caught and the act could be carried out(p) without any carry-on. He advanced into the coterminous sequent by finding a car which could be easily stolen and in addition the risk was minus. Then with the help of his fellow friend, he jacked the car and carried out the process which was again st the law.He finally succeeded in selling the car and with this he earned again bounteously. With the prissy execution of this act he earned an amount of $4000. Then as decided they distributed the money which they earned which was $10000, so they some(prenominal) earned an amount of $5000 each which was sufficient to satisfy the need of the person which was of $4000. He made the amount which was needed by him in a very less time. How can someone assure me that he leave not take the same path when he is again in need of the money?Now, it is the time to learn the steps of robbery which he did to properly execute the robbery. Are you really interested? If yes, then also dont take such a path. But I must reveal you what are the skills he possessed and which are needed to perform such crime. He was already conversant with the community and also with the roads around which helped him. He had an idea of the path ways of illicit trade around and by getting to know the people who are complex he started make the gasp of the act.Then he started burglarizing the cars sort of than divergence for simple mainstream crimes. Then gathering nurture of such cars which could be easily stolen and do not have GPS navigator or alarms, made him analyze the cars which were ready to be stole. Due to his command over communication skills he succeeded in getting contacts of the people who were ready to buy the stolen car and also helped him in finding a friend which could help him in carrying out the robbery as he was a car thief.Then he persuaded the dealers for a handsome amount on each robbery due to his winning over power. He then arranged some of the tools which were required for the robbery to be successfully carried out, in which he had assistance of his friend who was himself a genius in the business and knew how to quickly jack a car. Then starting he car could not be do by him if his friend would not have helped and with good handsome for each act, he was succes sful in accomplishing a task which was not very easy for an experienced man as well.Getting two people which could him a handsome amount for he act and also getting two cars in a twain of just two days, with a very little risk of being caught also indicated the hatful in his favour. But the risk increases as the serial number of the incident increases, but he still superintended the act very smartly the next day as well. This helped him in paying his debts which were the actual cause of making such a man to do such act which was real against the law.Money and its immediate need force many people in such a direction which they very well know, that the path is not appropriate and the end results could be legal injury. This is such a var. of path which incessantly have a inlet to allow people to enter into such a business any time, but only few succeeds in finding the outlet of this path, i. e. it is very easy to adopt this path of legal injury, but it is very arduous to get out of it al virtually next to impossible (only few finds a way to laissez passer through the walls of crime).Now, it is the time to analyze what steps the law of nature officials would possibly take to control such a situation of crime in the city. It has always been very easy for the practice of law officials to take a control of such acts of crime in the city as in such cases there is always a possibility of evidence left behind by the criminal. In such criminal acts, the best possible way to announce is by following the evidences which are available after the crime is successfully accomplished.The officials must always look through the blockage of view of a thief in order to successfully succeed in surprise the thieves. They must always think that which could be the next posterior where the thieves would find a great deal of their business material and also a moorage from where these thieves could easily run away if officials would attack them. Then the legal philosophy off icials must look for a pattern (if exist), as in most of the high profile robberies there is link which connect all the robberies as they are pre planned.It also on the other hand very difficult to find the thieves, if there is not much evidence in the medieval incidents and the criminals stop their activity for some time. This situation is a self informative situation, as you have no evidence and there is no incident preceding to provide a hint for the next possible detail and hence making it impossible for the jurisprudence officials to get hold of the criminals. The criminals can only be caught, if there is a systematic procedure opted by the practice of law officials and also they must consider each and every accompaniment which could possibly help them to catch the criminals.By such systematic approach, proper execution of the plan with the proper support as a aggroup can only play to the success which the law officials are feel for and which is watching the criminal s stand behind the bars. Now, I would like to give the information close to one more crime which I read on internet and really one of the crimes which would affect you mentally. It is a crime which was going on from months and the police officials were not truly intellection this way, by this I mean the situation which was revealed after the interrogation of the police officials.This is an incident which all started with the kidnapping of a small child about foursome to quintuple years old. Then the parents of the child reported this absentminded to the police officials and flat the police officials started working on this matter. But after several days of sleepless nights the officials ended up with no clue to what rattling happened to the child and where the child was. Then suddenly, one more parent came running to the police officials to report on more missing of their child who was again four to five years old.This report messed up the situation more for the police offic ials. This made the police officials to restart the investigation from the scratch. But again in the end there was not even case-by-case evidence with the police officials and this made the situation worst for the police officials. But, then a sequence of kidnapping started in the city where children of age group four to octad were kidnapped and there was not even single evidence with the police officials which could make things easy and simple for the police officials.This all carried for about a span of six months, when a ray of hope stroked in the favour of the police officials and there was a case which was registered, not in the police part but in the local sewage department as there was lot of smell which was coming from the drainpipe which was associated with a house, which was taken by a person where he could make a nursing foundation for small children who are homeless. Then the local regimen responded to the situation very quickly as it was disturbing the atmosphere. The smell which was coming out of the drainage was very unusual and being an unusual smell, it was disturbing the people a lot and made them to lodge a complain for it. When the local authorities started the process of digging the drainage, then initially everything went on nicely and smoothly. But as they proceeded one of the shocking incidents came to the notice of the police officials and also to the people who were residing in the same locality. It made the police to think on and on as nothing of such sort had ever taken get in the city as well as in the country.What could be the possible crime??? Can u think or say??? Wait, I will tell you. The incident actually started when the first missing report was launched about six months back and the same process keep until now. The person who was the owner of the house, which was meant for homeless children, was actually the kidnapper who was kidnapping children from various parts of the city. His motive was not actually which you all are thinking off, this case was not as simple as it seems.His motive was not extortion as he was himself very rich. So, what was the case all about??? Now, it is the time for you all to know what was the crime all about. The crime actually was done by the person to meet his sexual need. He used to scandalise each and every child, and then he used to kill them and mark them in the sewage which was attached to his house. Could you possibly imagine a rape of a four to five year child by a forty year old man? I know what your answer is and possibly the same reply I too have, i. e. NO.It is actually very difficult for a human to analyze such a criminal act. The person then went missing and the police officials started their investigation for which finical Forces were also used in order to get assistance and then after some days, the man was caught in a city which was about 500 kilometers away from the city where the crime took place. The man was beaten by the local people for his act which was simply inhuman and then in the end he was sentenced to destruction by the court. Is it sufficient to give death sentence to such a person????From the point of view of a normal citizen, the answer would be no but from the point of view of a court this is the highest punishment which they can give to any criminal. Hence, from my point of view there should be made a change in the law and also the constitution, where such people make the life of a normal citizen a living hell by committing crime and then in the end, they are sentenced to death. But what about those people who are actually the victim of such crimes and have to live with such a terrible reality throughout their life.This is a real incident to which the crime was cognize to the person and the police did not take the proper effect. This is an incident which took place in my near by location. The person is a male of not more than fourteen years of age or a teenagers, he has five more friends who are involv ed in such an operation. The person wants to earn a livelihood or handsome money which could lead him a sum amount for his actions to take place. He always wants to have good food or some thing like that but no one could understand what was in his mind.The person had stolen the bike, this was a serial of misery as day by day the crime was helding his hands high and the tribute could not get catch hold of them. Now what was going on in the mind of the thief that he wants to earn a handsome amount of money so that he can earn his entire livelihood? But now as the series was going the security was made tight but then also he did not stop or rather no one was able to stop him. Now the action did not took place for a month but suddenly the person whose bike was lost caught hold of them.The bike was stolen from the basement, the boy had parked his bike in the basement and went up to his house for some work when he came back somebody had depleted the lock of the bike and had started of f to take it. Now the bike was taken away from the location or the community was he was living. The person lodged a complain in the police station but no action was taken but instead the police told them to give the names of the person who were involved in the operation. Later on, on the very next day the person saw his bike and again went to the police station to tell them that he had seen his bike again in the community near by.The police said the same statement as said earlier. The person could not get a satisfaction but then also he didnt give up. H got the names of the person involved in the crime and gave it to the police but then they told him to get hold of them and hand over them to the police. Now you can imagine that what would be the status of the person at that time. Now what is the person at that phrase of time? He could not get the things back but now he can not trust the police any more.Now what was the very next operation or the crime to take place which can be take n place? The person of such a small age can get through what he was doing so or the police can take some action which can be involved in such a case where the person can be trapped and he can held his crime. The robbery or other want of crime can never be cut short but not a strict action can take place where they can easily get hold of them. But if police can not prove that they are with the local people, they have to be every time alert about the crime.The police and the local people along with the security can make or catch hold of such type of crime and every person can make there things secure by passing the loot affairs in your premises. The security alarms and GPS tracking system of such a thing can be added to your set of place and things. Your place and items are not a single set of things which can secure your items. They grabbed the opportunity and manage to take it without being caught once again. References 1. CRIMINAL LAW. 2. MERCHANTILE LAW. 3. GOOGLE 4. BUSINESS LAW .

Cinematic techniques in Tim Burton’s Films Essay

Tim Burton uses many cinematic techniques in his pictorial matters such as lighting and camera angles throughout his movies in order to create effects and moods. He uses these two cinematic techniques legion(predicate) of times in the films Edward Scissorhands and in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. He uses them very expeditiously to portray different ideas such as showing strengths, weakness, or size of it in character or setting, or revealing a cast down or cheerful surrounding. Tim Burton is a successful film maker and has inspired many to get into the movie making business due to his cinematic techniques. In many of Burtons films, Burton uses lighting to show happiness or sadness. In Edward Scissorhands, pegs town is bright and full of color. Which makes it seems the give care the town is happy and full of joy, but the townsfolk are cruel and blotto to unmatched another.Edwardss mansion is low constitute and dark, which makes it seems like Edward is the bad guy, but E dward is a kind, nice guy who loves to help everyone plain though he has a disability. Burton also uses the same low key lighting in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. When Charlie goes home at the beginning of the movie, Burton uses lofty angle to show Charlies house all dark, making it waitress small and haunted. The lighting would want you to think that the family that lives in that house is mean or sad all the time, but Charlie lives with his mom and dad and his grandparents on his mom and dads side. And they are all nice, kind, and respectful to one another.You see, this is Burtons gothic style. Burton is mostly known for his dark, gothic, macabre, and quirky horror and thaumaturgy films. So this cinematic technique has great importance for these films because he use it to make his idea or his opinion become clearer for the audience to get wind the lesson from the movie. Burtons lighting basically impacts the audiences mood towards the movie or film. Burton wants to see th e films in his eyes. Camera angles were very important in the films Edward Scissorhands and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.

Employment and Dual Career Couples Essay

The establishments who argon hire first mates sight decrease unemployment rate. Nowadays, cardinal of them is not instituteing, but they hold qualification to sterilize the position in the make-up. So, when champion of them who be working in validation muckle suggests to the employer to recruit their helper in the same ecesis. Then, the employer can witness the suggestions and he or she can recruit spouses for working based on vacancies and qualification of the mull in the musical arrangement. 2) Reduce the loss of qualified workersNowadays, many an early(a)(prenominal) educated, professional men are choosing to marry educated, professional women instead of traditionalistic housewives, companies are faced with the prospect of losing qualified employees when a spouse gets a unused job in another city or is transferred. superstar way to turn away dealing with a spouses uncertain employment situation is to employ the couple. This strategy is particularly popular in universities and laboratories in which both spouses are chemists or both are professors. few companies are even able to employ couples in different headacheers, mavin in an accounting department and one in a statutory department, for example.By employing the couple, companies can control the risk of losing an employee due to a spouses changing situation. 3) Create a impertinently functions in organization The organization hires the spouses or parents provide help to create a new function of business into their organization. For example, the organization can establish child snapper or nursery. At the same time, it can create a new job such as babysitter. 4) Increase the income When hiring the dual-career couples in the organization it can increase the income of the spouses.This spouses who are working hard to get an education and levy into spunky- conciliateing jobs are completely focused on their careers, which raises the chances that they will be easy compensated for t heir skill set. 5) Assume 2-career couples as individual workers in organization Some companies shy away from hiring dual-career couples because of concern over the couples military operation. Some companies do not penury to get stuck employing one wonky employee just to hold on to the stronger partner. Companies whitethorn similarly fear complaints from other employees regarding special treatment for spouses who are unqualified for their positions.Your company can avoid this by ensuring dual-career couples that they will be treated as individuals at the workplace. severally partner will be held entirely accountable for his or her performance and one partner will not be abandoned to negotiate for a better position or higher salary for the other partner. Likewise, one partner will not be held accountable for the other partners mistakes. 6) Reduce a discrimination to women Although traditionally women are held trusty for childcare and household af comme il fauts whether they w ork or not, this is not fair to either men or women in the custody.So some companies spin benefits such as paid leave, flexible hours and child care function without regard to gender. Only offering child care leave to women places the blame of child care exclusively on women employees and prevents male employees from participating in child care in their own homes. This causes stress to employees and families and can firmness of purpose in women cosmos discriminated against. Potential liabilities 1) Organization are losing productivity and employees Organizations are losing productivity and employees because of the demands of family life.The study found that among the 400 working parents surveyed, problems with child care were the most significant predictors of absenteeism and low productivity. 2) Poor communication When the employer gives the different travail to this spouse, they are not satisfied when not placed together in a group assignment. So, they feel uncomfortable wh en given difference assign and make a problem for them in completing the assignment. As a result, the assignment cannot be work ond and their job performance decreased. Question 2Many of the services for dual-career couples and parent employees are provided by large corporations that have far greater financial resources than small companies. Identify and discuss capableness with a small companys HRM function can conciliate the challenges facing employees who are parents and employees with working spouses. Nowadays, there have a native of workforce is comprised of dual career couples with many of them having children, the privation for Human alternative Departments to provide services that both alleviate time conflicts and also heighten a healthy lifestyle balance is critical.For small companies in particular, the challenge of retaining dual career couples is compounded by the need for first retaining crystallise talent when larger organizations with a broader range of fam ily care services, in accessory to staying competitive in their markets while giving employees flexibleness in victorious care of their families. While smaller companies may find competing on benefits but will be difficult, the one advantage they do have is flexibility and a closer management of time for dual career couples with families.First, smaller companies can create a telecommunication policy that will allow workers to work from home while at the same time being able to take care of their families. A telecommunication policy is trite in larger organizations and could significantly increase productivity for workers who may need to be home when their children are sick. A small company also can builds a nursery to keep the employee welfare, to run the nursery the organization used a lot of money. So, the HRM department should collect the fees from their employee to cover the nursery. The parents pay the fees through payroll deduction.This program enables to people to share a job on a part-time basis and is major boon to spouses who want to continue their careers while raising children. The program also reduced derangement and the absenteeism, boosted morale, and helped get hold of affirmative action objectives. Generally, every spouse has their own problem. sometimes they are not settling the problem at the home, and they take on the problem into the workplace. anyway that, they also have another problem at the workplace and will cause their performance decreased because the two problems are mix together.In this case, we need a counseling session to solve their problem. Question 3 Suppose that a dual-career couple involves spouses who are at different career stages. Does this situation pose problems for the couple? For the organization or organization employing them? Discuss. No, because some of the benefits could be that it may be easier to find two positions of different levels rather than two positions of the same level. While with this scenario you do publish the shared responsibilities and job requirements.In some academic fields it may also lead to a mentor type relationship, which for some is ideal, and for the organization could mean that you get more years for your hire. For example if you have the 40 year old professor who is well established and the spouse who is jr. and less established they can mentor under the other and when one retires you still have the second to work for more years. Besides that, a dual-career couple involves spouses who are at different career stages they can determine each other and can help to solve their problem in the workplace.Proponents assert that couple who works for the same share the same goal, are often more committed to the company, and are more willing to work longer hours. Hiring couples helps attract and keep top employees, and relocations are also easier for the couples and to the company. Besides that, they also can share and change the information. If one the spouses has a high position he or she will help the spouses who face difficulties in completing the task. So they can collaborate and discuss in settlement the task.Next, the performance of the subordinate spouse can be increased and will help boost the companys performance. The organization also has workforce diversity. The organization will get the advantages when hiring dual career couples because they have a different skill, ability, knowledge and other characteristic can help organization the achieve the goals. They can come out with a new strategies and maneuver that will support the need of organization. So, it always have an advantages in grapple with other organization and a good change will slide by in every stage or phase in achieve their objective.

College Degree Essay

When in the course of human events, it becomes infallible for one person to dissolve the bands which has connected him to a low stipendiary career with undersize forecast for advancement, and to assume that the powers that be provide non offer him the promotions and recognition that he feels he deserves to which the laws of nature and natures God entitles him, a decent respect to the hope he has for his future gather ups that he should moderate the steps which he pass on take to achieve the goals which he has invest for himself.. I bear many goals which I hope to achieve through with(predicate) the attainment of my floors.For the purpose of this recourse I will delve into one-third of them. The first goal I involve is to attain a high paying assembly line. The second goal that I have is to work my face-to-face manner into a fructify of leadership. Finally, neither my father, mother nor brother has gone to college then it is my desire to be the first of our family to attain a degree. In the job market today high paying jobs are at a premium. I believe I heard a statistic once that give tongue to the average income for a single income home is around fifty-thousand dollars. I have lived in this income bracket and pick out how difficult it can be to asseverate a household on that income.With a house payment and twain car payments and everything else that goes into maintaining a home that can quickly drain a families finances. I recently took a higher paying job, in the f number sixties and erect that small increase in salary has through with(p) wonders for my families cash flow. I hope to attain a position which pays in the nineties to low one-hundreds and beyond. Most jobs which pay high salary require as a requisite that the person in that position has a high take of education. Typically, the higher the level of education the higher the level of pay.I have always had many leadership qualities and I bonk working with others to prota gonist oneself them succeed. Leadership offers a unique opportunity to withdraw others and help them along their paths of success. I do not measure my personal success on how high of a leadership position that I can attain but rather the number of people that I can help to achieve the goals which they have set for themselves. Whether it be part others increase knowledge or accomplish goals or just help them along their journey, I know that from a position of leadership I can help others in this way.That is why I wish to be a leader. Many positions of leadership require that you have degrees to go with your experience, so that is how I am hoping that a college degree will help me. Finally, I have a personal goal of being the first in my family to earn a college degree. Being a parent I know now that the old adage is true, parents always want their kids to do disclose in life than they have done. I know this is true of my parents. They have always hoped that I would do better than them and have always encourage and supported me along that path.When I look back upon my college career it will be with a sense of pride knowing that this is something that my parents wanted for me just as much(prenominal) as I have desired it. I also know that my parents have a great hope and anticipation that I provide a good life for their grandson and while bills and recognition are not everything they certainly take some of the gist of raising a child off of you. In summation, all of my goals of earning degrees tramp around my son. When my son was born I immediately knew that I had to matter to school.I had been floundering for too long in lower paying positions with little hope for advancement. My father provided a stable home as I was growing up, we never had to worry about money or food. My hope is that I will provide that and more for my family. By attaining a college degree I put my self into a much better position to attain a position which pays higher salaries. Ad ditionally, it will allow me to help others by being in a position of leadership. Finally, the pride that I will have in myself and the pride that I know my parents and family will have in me will make the whole journey that much sweeter.

Book Report -the Notebook by Nicolas Sparks Essay

SummaryThe Note al-Quran begins with a piece in a nursing home, reading a story to a woman. The story is approximately two new-made lovers, Allie Hamilton and Noah, who meet one day at a carnival. Although the two are falling in love, Allies parents dont allow the relationship between the two young lovers and decide to shine Allie away from Noah and the town. They moved to New York, but Allie never gave up on Noah and always kept her faith to one day their love would drive a way to come back, but after waiting for either sign (such as earn) from Noah from years, Allie meets Lon and becomes engaged. However, Allie still has feelings for Noah. Despite her commitment for Lon, Allie decides to visit Noah to learn how hes doing after seeing his picture in the newspaper in front of a house he said he was going to restore (and did).It soon becomes apparent that they still have feelings for apiece other. Allie sp expiry wonderful days with Noah, but suddenly her mother Anne Hamilt on surprises her determination her in Noahs house. Allies mother confess her that she kept and dissemble from her the letters that Noah had been sending to her years ago. Allie now has to choose between Lon, the man she had already scheduled to marry, and Noah, the man who she wants. Allie picks Noah, her one true love, and dumps Lon. Noah and Allie end up having a happy life and die together peacefully in the nursing home, side by side.CharactersMajor Characters* Noah The narrator of the book and the main character, Noah is a good and kind man who fell in love with Allie fourteen years before the novel opens. He has never forgotten her and is overwhelmed with how much he still loves her when she ingatherings to tell him she is engaged.* Allison Hamilton A young woman who comes from a privileged family, she spends a wonderful summer with Noah when they are young, but is forced to leave when her parents disapprove. She meets Lon and becomes engaged to him, but something in her mak es her return to Noah to be sure she is non making a mistake.* Lon He is Allies fianc, who fights for her in the end, but is too late. He has allowed his career to disrupt any(prenominal) hope he may have had to win her for himself.Minor Characters* Gus He is the black man who lives down the road from the house Noah has restored. He becomes Noahs only family until Allie returns.* Anne Hamilton She is Allies mother and had so disapproved of her being with Noah that she had never delivered his letters to her daughter. She finally gives Allie the letters, when she leaves, she whispers to Allie that she should follow her heart.PlotLove conquers all really, no theme how many times the hoary man (Noah) has to read the book to the old lad, he will. Hoping that one day shell remember him, she was his sweetheart and he would not leave her, for as long as she was there he would remain as well.ClimaxNoah and consort die together in the uniform bed. They are old (she has Alzheimer) and i n a nursing home. Noah is still rotund the story of when they are young and how they finally ended up together. Ally suddenly remembers and recognized Noah, the she chose and that she is the girl from the story that he has been telling her the all in all time.

Application of Epidemiology Concepts Essay

macrocosmEpidemiology is defined as the see of the scattering and determinants of health-related stated or events in specific cosmoss and the application of this study to control of health problems (Gordis 2003). Over the past class Cohort 7 has grown to appreciate the value of the epidemiology and the  hardheaded application of this fellowship. As current and future leaders in health c ar systems, it is all important(p) to not only to understand the somas learnt in epidemiology, but to usance these concepts in the drafting of insurance, the figing of programs and in making contributions to national, regional and external healthcargon systems. The cardinal epidemiological concepts to be discussed atomic number 18 estimating try, study design and ethical & character reference A passkey issues in epidemiology. The basics of each concept and its importance shall be outlined followed by a discussion of the comprehend benefits to policy makers and populations at larg e and the application of each concept individually. For the tendency of this discourse, I stupefy selected the chronic non-communicable indisposition, sheath 2 diabetes to illustrate the applications of the listed concepts by means of the eyes of a policy maker and create by mental act designer. This paper shall be closed with a summary of the application of the concepts and a conclusion.Concept I Estimating RiskRisk has been defined as the probability of an event occurring (BMJ). In our current course of study, epidemiology, lay on the line is often used to express the likely-hood that a feature outcome will happen after a particular word-painting. It is important to understand hazard and exposure in the capacity of policy maker. Chronic-Non-Communicable-Disease (CNCDs) is a growing concern nationally, regionally and internationally. In Trinidad & Tobago the preponderance of diabetes is estimated to be as high gear as 1 in 5 of all adults (Ministry of Health 2010). Di abetes is the second booster cable cause of death and the leading cause of adult blindness in Trinidad & Tobago.The measurements of peril atomic number 18 tyrannical risk or incident rate, intercourse risk, attributable risk and odds symmetry. According to Gordis 2003, absolute risk is the incidence of the ailment in the population, i.e. the number of new cases of the illness in a specified population over a assumption up du proportionalityn. The incidence of diabetes in Trinidad & Tobago has been estimated as 1,000 cases per course of study (John Hopkins 2012). This information about the absolute risk of diabetes has an important tax deduction in domain health policy formation. It tells the policy designer in the Ministry of Health that in that respect would be an estimated 1,000 new cases of fibre 2 diabetes per year and so the current out-patient clinics for diabetics would need to be expanded.With that number of new cases per year in that respect will be a greater demand move on the Ministry of Healths Chronic Disease Assistance syllabus (CDAP) and more living will have to be allocated to deal with diabetes. Since absolute risk gives no consideration to risk factors or exposure, it is necessary for the policy designers and planners to look at the other measurements of risk to formulate appropriate plans to reduce spending associated with the morbidity and mortality of this CNCD. This benefits the country as it repairs the well-being of the gentlemans gentleman race resource. Relative risk is defined as the probability of exposed persons growth disease compargond to non-exposed persons developing disease (Gordis 2003) while attributable risk is the do of a disease incidence that rear be attributed to a given exposure. The odds ratio or carnal knowledge odds derriere exactly be defined as a measure of association amidst an exposure and an outcome.It represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular e xposure, compargond to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure. Knowledge of the risk factors for quality 2 diabetes is valuable in looking at the relative risk, attributable risk and relative odds of type 2 diabetes. A risk factor is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease (Burt 2001). The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are family history of diabetes, increasing age, pagan background, inactivity, metabolic syndrome, being overweight and history of gestational diabetes in women (Joseph 2010). In designing policies and programs to combat type 2 diabetes, there would be an attempt to target members of the population with these risk factors. It would be prudent to provide funding to institutions which are conducting studies to clarify relative risk, attributable risk and relative odds in diabetes as these studies would help in the understanding of the etiology of type 2 diabetes.Concept II Study Design there are four basic study designs c ross-sectional studies, case-control studies, cohort studies and randomized clinical trials. As stated previously, it would be prudent to fund institutions conducting studies to clarify relative risk, attributable risk and relative odds in type 2 diabetes as such studies would aid in the understanding of the etiology of type 2 diabetes. In clarifying the etiology of type 2 diabetes in a given population better strategies for management and prevention of the diseases canful be adopted. In the capacity of policy and programme designer, it is effectual to have an understanding of study design so that the proposals for studies which can produce the superior data on etiology in the shortest date-span can be selected for funding. In cross-sectional studies both the exposure and disease outcome are decided simultaneously for each subject (Gordis 2003). The prevalence of the disease can be baffled with this type of study hence the study can in any case be called a prevalence stu dy. The prevalence of diabetes in Trinidad & Tobago is ace in every five adults (Ministry of Health 2010).Cross-sectional studies are useful to policy writers and programme designers as it provides a snap shot of how many a(prenominal) individuals within the population have the disease. However the association with the risk factors does not prove temporal relationship. For the justification of policy and programmes, etiological relationships must be established. These etiological relationships can be justified through case-control and cohort studies. Case-control studies are useful in examining the possible relation of an exposure to a legitimate disease. At the beginning of the study individuals with the disease (cases) and individual without the disease (controls) are identified. The exposure of both of these groups is past compared. So in the case of type 2 diabetes, persons with type 2 diabetes can be identified (cases) then separated into two groups on the basis or expo sure to a given risk factor. Persons without type 2 diabetes (controls) can also be identified than separated on the basis of exposure to the same risk factor. Then the two groups of exposed individuals can be compared. By identifying cases & controls and looking at exposure, the relative risk, attributable risk and odds ratio can be calculated.Case-control studies are invaluable in finding the etiology of disease. In cohort studies the research workers select a group of individuals from a given population. These individuals are then categorized as either exposed or non-exposed. Cohort studies can either be prospective or retrospective. In prospective cohort studies the exposed and non-exposed individuals are followed forward in time and the development of disease is noted. In retrospective cohort studies the end result, i.e. disease or no disease is noted at the starting point. The researcher can then trace the individuals backwards through time to determine their exposure or n on-exposure. Prospective cohort studies are expensive and time consuming as they may take many years to be completed. In the case of diabetes, it may take many years for exposure to lead to disease. Retrospective cohort studies may be better for proving causal relations in diabetes, but records may not be considerably available.The high prevalence of diabetes is a good justification for conducting a cohort study. Once again relative risk, attributable risk and odds ratio can be calculated. A randomized clinical trial is an essay in which the effectiveness of a mode of sermon is evaluated. Cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies are all data-based studies. However, in randomized clinical trials, the effectiveness of treatment modalities are measured. Usually individuals for the study are assessed for eligibility before hand and after randomly placed into one or an alternative treatment group. The merits of baulk strategies can best be illustrated by means of randomiz ed clinical trial. Considerable work has been done in ascertaining the risk factors of type 2 diabetes. After review of the literature I have concluded that there is the need for more data-based studies for better management of type 2 diabetes. As a policy writer and programme designer it is exact to ensure that approvals are granted for ethically sound randomized clinical trials. It is important to note that a good knowledge of study design is essential to a policy makers/ programme designers. The type of study to pass for funding will undoubtedly be based on upper limit benefit to the population, cost effectiveness and ethical considerations.Concept III respectable & Professional Issues in EpidemiologyThe ultimate verifiable of epidemiology, according to Gordis, is to improve human health. Ethical consideration must be high on the agenda in public health since epidemiological findings are socially relevant, often publically funded and the research is conducted on human subj ects. As discussed previously, there are two broad types of studies in epidemiology the observational studies which let in the cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies and the experimental study or randomized clinical trial. As a policy writer and programme designer, I am cause to ensure that investigators and researchers obtain informed consent from their subjects, where possible, and that there is privacy and confidentiality. There is a need for research on type 2 diabetes to be conducted in Trinidad & Tobago and the wider region so that there is relevant and by the way data for the implementation and improvement of policies for reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with type 2 diabetes.There have been many studies which contribute to the body of knowledge compiled by the International Diabetes Federation. plot of land there is merit in conducting observational studies, I believe that there must be more experimental studies aimed at improving the preven tion and management of diabetes. In the design and writ of execution of experimental studies, the rights of the individuals and the welfare of society must be balanced. Careful supervision of experimental research can protect individual confidentiality while ensuring that there is no conflict with the welfare of society. Even though there is the objective of improving human health, there is debate on how much of the findings should be made available to the subjects in both observational and experimental studies. While I believe that the findings of research should be held in the public domain, it is important not to create undue panic or hope of a miracle cure when publishing results.SummaryEpidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related stated or events in specific populations and the application of this study to control of health problems. therefore the objective of epidemiology is to improve human health (Gordis 2003). The three epidemiological c oncepts discussed were, estimating risk, study design and ethical & professional issues in epidemiology using the disease type 2 diabetes for illustration. It is important for a policy writer/ programme designer to understand risk and the measurement of risk so that there are policies and programmes that benefit the greatest proportion of the population are intentional and implemented in the reduction of the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes and its associated morbidity and mortality.Studies, both observational and experimental, should be encouraged but these studies must be conducted within the confines of ethics and professionalism. Ethics and professional are integral building blocks of study design since the findings are socially relevant, public funds are often used and the research is conducted in human subjects. There must also be publishing of the findings of these studies but researchers should uncomplete create undue panic nor give false hope.ConclusionT he three epidemiological concepts discussed for this paper were estimating risk, study design and ethical & professional issues in epidemiology. These were discussed concepts through the eyes of a policy maker and programme designer using the disease type 2 diabetes for illustrations. Studying the distribution and determinants of health-related states is not simply a course that constitutes part of a get wells degree that a student must pass or get over but rather a guiding rationale to be incorporated into decision making, so that the application of this study can truly be used to control health problems. These health problems can range in simplicity from common childhood ailments to pandemics. Therefore participants in this course of study are expected to make sterling contributions to national, regional and international healthcare systems based on understand of concepts learned in epidemiology.Bibliography1. Burt BA. Definitions of Risk. Department of Epidemiology School of existence Health University of Michigan, 2001.2. Center for Statistics in medication BMJ Statistics Notes. (Undated) Retrieved May 13, 2014. URLhttp//www.csm-oxford.org.uk/index.aspx?0=12923. Gordis Leon. Epidemiology. 3rd edition. Philadelphia Elsevier 2004.4. Josepha Joseph, Johan Svartberg, Inger Njlstad, Henrik Schirmer. Incidence of and risk factors for type 2 diabetes in a general population. The Troms Study. Scand J of Public Health, 201038 (7)768-775. 5.6. Last JM, ed. A dictionary of epidemiology. 4th edition. New York Oxford University Press, 2001.

Nature And Nurture Influences On Child Essay

When it comes to squirt evolution there ar twain major twines. These works ar record which argon traits we inherit and hold up which are the traits we learn. constitution and maintain are incompatible in several ways but they both prank an important fibre in child development. Although they both influence development the topic of which has the greatest influence in frequently debated.This paper will describe the sex actship between spirit and nurture, explain the biological, environmental, societal, and ethnic influences on child development in relation to nature and nurture, and discuss whether nature or nurture has the most influence on child development.Nature and nurture are different in several ways but share one similarity which is the point that they both have an influence on child development. Both of them tactics an important role in how children develop as well as the ex adenylic acidle of people they will grow up to be. In the characterisation Nature vs. affirm in Child Development Shirael Pollack states that children are born with some traits and characteristics while they learn others (Pollack, S. n. d. ). Nature is one(s) genes.The traits and characteristics that they inherit much(prenominal) as skin tone, eye color, and hair color. Nurture is what they are taught or what they learn from the people around them such as manners discipline to say please and thank you. There are different influences on child development in relation to nature and nurture. These influences are biological, environmental, societal, and cultural. Nature is liable for the biological influences. Biological influences are traits that are passed parents to their children. They include appearance, talents, and abilities, and in any case certain illnesses (Groark, C., McCarthy, S. & Kirk, A. , 2014). Nurture is responsible for environmental influences. These are things that are in a child(s) environment that they are exposed to or experience. Nurtu re can excessively be NATURE AND NURTURE 3 responsible for cultural and societal influences on child development which can be instilled subtly through natural interactions with others. The cultural and societal influences can be direct and indirect impacts of culture, race, and ethnicity as well as the powerful effectuate of economics, gender roles, marriage, divorce, single parenthood, and religion (Groark, C. , McCarthy, S.& Kirk, A. , 2014).No matter what type of influence there is on child development it is either associate to nature or nurture. Some people believe that nature and nurture are partners because of the fact that they both play a role in child development. However, theorists have different views about the two. Some theorists believe that nature is ultimately responsible for growth while other theorists believe that children pass whatever their environment shapes them into (McDevitt, 2010).Regardless of what the different views of theorists are on the topic of nature versus nurture, the fact of the matter is that both of them play a role in how children develop and have some type of impact on what and how they will be when they grow up. Both nature and nurture play important roles in child development. Regardless of if one has more of an influence than the other, the fact is that they both impact how children develop. Truth of the matter is that they are different but share one important factor which is the fact that they benefactor make children who they are.This paper described the relationship between nature and nurture, explained the biological, environmental, societal, and cultural influences on child development in relation to nature and nurture, and also discussed which of the two influences is more influential than the other. NATURE AND NURTURE 4 References Groark, C. , McCarthy, S. & Kirk, A. (2014).Early child development From theory to practice. Bridgepoint Education San Diego, CA. McDevitt, T. M. (2010). Nature and nurtur e Retrieved from http//www. education. com/reference/article/nature-nurture/ Pollack, S. (n. d. ). Nature vs. nurture in child development Video file. Retrieved from http//www. howcast. com/videos/513307-Nature-vs-Nurture-Child-Development.

QR Codes Being Used For Marketing Essay

For the purposes of this assignment, a QR code for Coca-Cola was used. The image scanned is to the right. This is a QR encipher Coca-Cola places byout sports websites including ESPN.COM which is where this was found.Analysis of the QR Codes EffectivenessHaving found the image on ESPN.COM it was assumed that the attached jump point would be to one of their sports drink greases. In point the QR Code took me to their Facebook caramel paginate and asked me to Like their page. The page has 58.6 million likes and shows friends who ar alike Liked the brand. As the landing page was the Facebook fan page for the brand, the foretell to challenge was to review and look over their content. As the exceedingly Bowl was just last weekend and Coca-Cola had a series of commercials rivulet at this event, there are pictures, out-takes and other items that show how the commercials were made. There is similarly a series of videos that are used for further supporting and promoting their bran d.The Coca-Cola brand page is one of the more comprehensive in consumer advertising with exceptionally rich, varied international content. There is no overt call to action to buy one of their beverages there is however an exceptional depth to the invoice of the brand and its progression over time. Coca-Cola is clearly proud of their history in advertising and branding, and use the Facebook timeline to show this wholesome. They have also shown on their Facebook fan page how to create a community extremely well. The continued efforts on the part of Facebook to create communities and show how Coca-Cola fans all share common bound together is done well.ConclusionCoca-Cola is maintaining and strengthening its brand with this QR code campaign. It is also showcasing how well it integrates the many channels of customer interaction and communication with its tender media efforts. The area Coca-Cola needs to improve on however is the placement of this specialised QR code. It was on a spo rts website which have one assume it was for a sports drink. The branding for sports on the Facebook site used as the landing page was so generic to sports, it was more like a billboard. This QR campaign was designed for a very broad, global audience and for that purpose, did extremely well.It could have been improved through the use of more effective, segmented QR codes to specific Coca-Cola sites dedicated to specific interests. Finally, the call to action was vague and more based on building awareness. What Coca-Cola did well however was create a very effective program for hotheaded people to their Facebook page immediately, driving up Likes. Coca-Colas branding is predicated on a spread message of refreshment, and they did accomplish this very well. Finally the telephoner did a great job of showing how it has created entertaining commercials and promotions based on their innate expertise in consumer products branding.

How Does Wilfred Owen Provoke Sympathy for His Protagonist in ‘Disabled Essay

Owen provokes sympathy for his important(prenominal) character throughout the book and in every stanza. In the open up stanza Owen connects the proofreviewer with the main character, by making the reader olfactory perception moody for him. The boy touch sensations as though he is waiting for dark, this makes the reader feel pity on the boy, as he knows he is waiting to die. By connecting the reader with the protagonist they feel more sympathy for him and they feel pass on when he feels l matchlessly and isolated. Voices of play and pleasure, tells the reader that the boys in the park argon happy and the boy in the wheeled chair probably utilize to be like that, but now he is in a wheeled chair he will never be adequate to(p) to get his youth back. This makes the reader feel sympathy as the main character will never be able to be a child again and experience his youth. Owen examines the reader that sleep had mothered them from him, he utter this to show the reader that he is some sort of monster and children take aim to be saved from him. This provokes sympathy in the protagonist because he is unavailing to be seen normally by masses now he is in a wheeled chair.In the second stanza sympathy is created in a different way to the first, in the second stanza, Owen tells the reader closely what the boy in the wheeled chair misses. The boy misses girls, he think he will never feel love or intimacy again, never feel again how slim girls waists ar, Owen uses never as a exaggeration to exaggerate the boys sadness about never being able to be with a girl. The boy feels all the girls glanced lovelier, as he cant have any of the girls anymore he feels as though they are all beautiful and he wants to be with all of them. All of them denote him like some queer disease, Owen uses all of them, a hyperbole, is used to show that the soldier feels alienated from everyone, specifically women, who his disability repels. This makes the reader feel dreary for h im because he will never be treated normally and people dont really want to touch him especially girls, as they are the ones he misses the most.The third stanza creates sympathy by using principally the boys youth and innocence. Owen does this so the reader feels connected with the boy people feel more sympathy for someone who lives a nobble life than for someone who dies living a full life. Owen says that last stratum he was younger than his youth, but now he is old, this shows sympathy for the boy as he lost his youth and life in one year. The reader feels sorry for the boy also as hes lost his colour very far from here, the lack of detail about his location shows the reader that the boy may not have cognize where he was.Poured it down shell-holes till the veins ran dry, Owen uses this metaphor to convey the boy gushy his life a way and he uses imagery so the reader can picture in their heads what he must have kaput(p) through and feel pity towards him. When Owen says that o ne time he care a blood smear down his leg, and he was carried shoulder high, the boy used to like being a submarine and impressing people such as his teammates and girls. This makes the reader feel sorry for the boy as no-one thinks he is a hero anymore and that was probably the reason he joined, to reach a hero. Owen says that the boy had drunk a peg, and thought hed better join, which provokes sympathy by showing the reader he precisely joined due to of peer pressure and he probably mat if he hadnt joined he would be letting the football game team down.Owen provokes sympathy in the fourth stanza by portraying to the reader that it was not the protagonists fault that he has the injuries. Owen firstly blames women for it, he says the boy joined the army to please his Meg, Owen uses Meg to be emblematical of all women as Meg was a common name in those times. The fact that he joined for a girl makes the reader feel sorry fort the boy because he did not know what he was gettin g into and he was just trying to be a hero to impress girls, but by the end girls didnt even pit him. Owen shows anger towards women and says to please the giddy jilts, which was very insulting to women and he fundamentally said they are just there to be impressed by men.

A Global Overview of a Fast Relief Market

A Project Report On A Global Overview Of A spry backing Market Submitted in Partial fulfillment for the requirement of the spirit level of Master of line of work governing body (Inter field of translate Business) from SUS College of engineering and technology,Tangori, Mohali.. Under the centering of Submitted to Mr. SUNIL Mr. ANIL Mr. PANKAJ SIR Submitted By NANCY GOYAL MBA Ac associationment I am very over a great deal thankful to Mr. Karun Narang (MD, east Medikit Ltd. ) and Mr. D.Tyagi (AGM, east Medikit Ltd) who al get-goed me to lowgo summer cooking in their esteemed organization. This report deserves the special mention of few names, Mr. SUNIL PALand Mr. ANIL KUMAR SINGH , who channelise me alone the way and helped me at for each one of the stage. They helped me to gain knowledge virtu eachy the versatile aspects of their organization. They sh ard their professional get downs, which leave behind be very practically useful for me in the coherent run. I would homogeneous to go by a bunch of thanks to Mr. Bhupendra Singh, Mr. Krishna Sharma, Mr. V. P. Joshi, Mr. Jagmohan Roy, Mr. Pankaj Pandey, Mr. Amit Sharma, Mr. Guru Prasad, Mr. Pra ample Dua, Mr.Kunjal Patel, Mr. Ajay Sharma, Miss Piyali Chakraborty and Mr. Ankkur who helped me to improve my look for work. I bear not forget to thank all those spate who directly or indirectly cooperated me during my training period. NANCY GOYAL SUS C. E. T TANGORI MOHALI.. INDEX * Introduction What is warm Relief Medikits steadfast eternal sleep Details Competitors and Their Profile * nerd Analysis pestis Analysis * Competitive analysis * Marketing smorgasbord * Strategies * Costs * Media be east Medikit Ltd Medikit is the Indias bear-sizedst medical device exportation comp all Medikit has 5 manufacturing facilities in and some Gurgaon, covering 125,000 sq. ft with 25,000 sq. ft as clique 10,000 and class 1,00,000 clean rooms. Our organizational strengths argon grow at heart Medikits unique flexibility to evolve and improve yields and processes by deployment of globally sufficient manufacturing practices.Read Chapter 8 Microbial GeneticsWith ongoing in-house development of copyrighted equipment and manufacturing techniques, our look and development activities along with our exclusive cast and development concentrate on ensure that Medikit is customer-driven and stays ahead, al slipway. FAST RELIEF comment Fast relief is a hurt reli of all time harvest-time of medikit ltd. It is a extra unassail fitting pain reliever product. The principal(prenominal) competitors of this is MOOV and HIMANI FAST RELIEF.. The immature launched product fast relief has a unique and ayurvedic com vex elements.. analogous Oil of pyrola 15. 0%Pudina ka phool 5% Tarpin tel 3% Nilgiri tel 2% Base (bees wax) q. s. All these ingredients provides sootthing enthusiasm to relieve pain flash l adenylic acidly.. which is the requirement. Purpose The purpose of this product is ba sically to give relief instantly from the backache pain. It works with its special ingredients to give relief from the backache. Its primary(prenominal) purpose is to give warmth and soothing feeling at the pain celestial sphere and to give quick relief.It works interchangeable a miracle at the pain.. attach tos Product Details MedifinTM FAST RELIEF from MEDIKIT geographical MarketsDELHI , UP, MUMBAI, VARANASI, CHENNAI, BANGLORE, CHANDIGARH, LUCKNOW.. Product Details Benefits Being in topical form it is innocent(p) of all undesireable effects of oral r reveale.. So it helps to maintain the valid effects. finespun and remediation. Gives instant relief. Starts work immediately after application. Complies with precedent and quality norms. prepossessing externalise and coloured packaging. Gives joy quickly.. Gives soothing warmth. To improve the body muscles so that relive remains for to a greater extent magazine. No sideeffects . An ayurvedic cure. Topica l cooking gives therapeutic effects yet at the office of application thats topical anaesthetic relief.. Cheap and economical. Specially for habitual man. food merchandiseing OF THE return.. INTRODUCTION.. MARKETING IS ONE OF THE classical ASPECT OF ANY BUSINESS AND SO WE WOULD ANALYSE VARIOUS MARKETING STRATEGIES MAINLY PEST abridgment AND SWOT ANALYSIS , COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS ARE BEEN DONE AND EXPLAINED IN THERE..MARKET SEGMENTATION AND TARGETING.. DELHI,UP,MUMBAI, VARANASI,BRALIEY,CHENNAI,BANGLORE, CHANDIGARH,LUCKNOW,MP,CALCUTTA. AGE- ABOVE 30 YEARS. GENDER- particularly FOR FEMALES. FAMILY SIZE- FOR BOTH BIG AND NUCLEAR FAMILIES SOCIO ECO CLASS- MIDDLE AND LOWER MIDDLE CLASS. PEST ANALYSIS.. Pest analysis stands for political,economical,social,and,technical analysis of macroenviornmental factors used in the environmental s preserve component of strategic practicement. it is a part of the external analysis when onducting a strategic analysis or doing trade research and gives a sure overview of the different macroenviornmental factors that the smart set has to take into the consideration. It is a useful strategic machine for understanding market development or decline, melodic phrase position, potential,and direction for trading operations.. POLITICAL- Govt represent. , no risk for OTC blemishs. ECONOMIC- It is cheap and economical.. as it is accessible in different-different little packaging. It enhances the GDP growth and liberlisation.SOCIAL- Its is a innovative product suits the demands of the changing preferences of the society. It is equal for the call for and aspirations of the common individual. TECHNOLOGICAL- It is chip in by the use of best technological machines. It has given a quality packaging with double lamination on the outside and inner atomic number 18a of the tube. SWOT ANALYSIS. Swot analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in a see to it or in a line venture..STRENGTHS- It is an ayurvedic product. It is quick and instant pain reliever than any some opposite relief balm. Its branding is fab and standardized Its channels of distri yetion and dedicated Employees working for its successful promotion. A huge pileus aimment.. WEAKNESS- It is a immature product in the market. It has suffering market component part now. OPPORTUNITIES- thither is a huge market demanding knowledgeability And change.Changing tastes and preferences of consumers. THREATS- The problem of brand loyality and mind sort out of Consumres regarding a specific product and its Quality. Popularity of hawkish brands like moov. The condition of market is in any case a big threat. . location STRATEGY.. The positioning schema is an efficacious and important instrument for a barter venture and for the product as tumefy. As it causes the success of the product.. FAST RELIEF AN AYURVEDIC CURE FOR YOUR PAINThe positioning strategy should be toilsome and powerful enough to make the product strong and popular.. TARGET AUDIENCE The main target audience are middle class family and low midlle class family woman, who works in the offices as tumesce as in homes and pick out no time to go to doctors for their ignorable backaches.. INDUSTRY PROFILE Industry Definition The Indian pharmaceutic patience is a success story providing utilisation for millions and ensuring that essential medicines at affordable prices are available to the vast nation of this sub-continent. Richard GersterThe Indian pharmaceutic connectionceutical Industry to mean solar day is in the front score of Indias science-based industries with wide ranging capabilities in the complex celestial orbit of dose lying and technology. A highly organized sector, the Indian Pharma Industry is estimated to be worth $ 4. 5 scoreion, growth at rough 8 to 9 percent yearlyly. It ranks very high in the third ground, in harm of technology, quality and spue of medicines comp rising sloped. From simple headache pills to sophisticated antibiotics and complex cardiac multiforms, al more or slight every type of medicine is now made indigenously.Playing a unwrap usage in promoting and sustaining development in the vital field of medicines, Indian Pharma Industry boasts of quality producers and many units sanctioned by regulatory authorities in USA and UK. planetary companies associated with this sector encounter stimulated, assisted and spearheaded this dynamic development in the past 53 long time and helped to put India on the pharmaceutical map of the public. The Indian Pharmaceutical sector is highly split with more than 20,000 registered units. It has flip ones lided drastically in the terminal two decades.The leading 250 pharmaceutical companies control 70% of the market with market drawing card holding intimately 7% of the market share. It is an extremely fragmented market with severe price competition and governme nt price control. The pharmaceutical constancy in India meets more or less 70% of the countrys demand for bulk medicates, dose intermediates, pharmaceutical facial expressions, chemical substances, tablets, capsules, orals and injectibles. There are about 250 large units and about 8000 lilliputian Scale Units, which form the core of the pharmaceutical industry in India (including 5 rudimentary Public Sector Units).These units produce the complete eye socket of pharmaceutical formulations, i. e. , medicines ready for consumption by longanimouss and about 350 bulk drugs, i. e. , chemicals having therapeutic repute and used for exertion of pharmaceutical formulations. hobby the de-licensing of the pharmaceutical industry, industrial licensing for virtually of the drugs and pharmaceutical products has been through away with. Manufacturers are free to produce any drug duly approved by the medicine Control Authority.Technologically strong and totally self-reliant, the phar maceutical industry in India has low costs of production, low R& group AD costs, innovative scientific manpower, strength of national laboratories and an increasing sense of equilibrium of trade. The Pharmaceutical Industry, with its rich scientific talents and research capabilities, back up by Intellectual Property Protection regime is well set to take on the planetary market. ADVANTAGE IN INDIA Competent men India has a pool of personnel with high managerial and technical competence as overly handy workforce.It has an educated work force and position is commonly used. Professional services are easily available. Cost-effective chemical synthesis Its track introduce of development, particularly in the area of change cost-beneficial chemical synthesis for various drug molecules is excellent. It provides a wide categorization of bulk drugs and exports sophisticated bulk drugs. Legal & angstrom unit pecuniary simulation India has a 53 course old democracy and hence has a solid legal framework and strong financial markets. There is already an certifyed international industry and line of descent friendship. entropy & Technology It has a superb network of innovation-class educational institutions and established strengths in Information Technology. Globalization The country is committed to a free market economy and globalization. Above all, it has a 70 million middle class market, which is forever growing. Consolidation For the first time in many grades, the international pharmaceutical industry is finding great opportunities in India. The process of consolidation, which has become a generalized phenomenon in the world pharmaceutical industry, has started taking place in India.THE GROWTH SCENARIO Indias US$ 3. 1 one thousand thousand pharmaceutical industry is growing at the rate of 14 percent per division. It is one of the largest and most sophisticated among the ontogenesis countries. Over 20,000 registered pharmaceutical manufacturers exist in the country. The domestic pharmaceuticals industry output is expected to exceed Rs260 billion in the financial stratum 2002, which grudges for merely 1. 3% of the global pharmaceutical sector. Of this, bulk drugs forget account for Rs 54 bn (21%) and formulations, the remaining Rs 210 bn (79%).In financial year 2001, imports were Rs 20 bn while exports were Rs87 bn. The above graph shows the percentage of pharmaceutical products export by various countries. (SOURCE fighting of the Indian pharmaceutical industry in the revolutionary product plain regime a report by FICCI) RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT drug discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or intentional. In the past most drugs render been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by lucky discovery.Modern biotechnology a lot directiones on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a disease state or pathogen, and manipulating these pathways using molecular biology or Biochemistry. A great deal of early-stage drug discovery has traditionally been carried out by universities and research institutions. Drug development refers to activities undertaken after a compound is place as a potential drug in establish to establish its suitability as a medication. Objectives of drug development are to determine appropriate Formulation and Dosing, as well as to establish preventive.enquiry in these areas generally includes a combination of in vitro studies, in vivo studies, and clinical trials. The amount of outstanding necessitate for late stage development has made it a historical strength of the larger pharmaceutical companies Often, large transnational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, gross revenue, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the other hand, often nidus on a specific aspect much(prenomi nal) as discovering drug trickdidates or developing formulations.Often, collaborative agreements mingled with research organizations and large pharmaceutical companies are to explore the potential of new drug substances make The cost of innovation Drug discovery and development is very pricey of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a handsome fraction are purgetually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who deport to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those countries.Each year, only about 25 truly novel drugs ( sweet chemical entities) are approved for marketing. This approval comes only after heavy investment in pre-clinical development and clinical trials, as well as a shipment to ongoing safety monitor. Drugs which run low part-way through this process often incur large costs, while generating no revenue in think. If the cost of these failed drugs is taken into account, the cost of developing a succe ssful new drug (New chemical entity or NCE), has been estimated at about 1 billion USD.A study by the consulting solid Bain lodge account that the cost for discovering, developing and launching (which factored in marketing and other railway line expenses) a new drug (along with the prospective drugs that fail) rose over a five year period to come alongly $1. 7 billion in 2003. These estimates withal take into account the opportunity cost of investing bang-up many age before revenues are realized (see Time- measure out of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense. almost approved drugs, such as those based on re-formulation of an existing active ingredient ( excessively referred to as Line-extensions) are some(prenominal) less expensive to develop. The consumer advocacy group Public Citizen suggests on its web site that the actual cost is under $200 mi llion, about 29% of which is fatigued on FDA-required clinical trials. For me-too-drugs and for generics, the cost are even less. Calculations and claims in this area are controversial because of the implications for regulation and subsidization of the industry through federally funded research grants.Controversy about drug development and testing There arrive been increasing accusations and findings that clinical trials conducted or funded by pharmaceutical companies are much more probably to report positive results for the preferred medication. In reply to public outcry about specific cases in which unfavorable entropy from pharmaceutical guild-sponsored research was suppressed, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America have promulgated new guidelines urging companies to report all findings and limit the financial social responsibility in drug companies of researchers.As a result of this public outcry and Pharma response the US coitus signed into law a bil l which requires shape II and phase III clinical trials to be registered by the sponsor on the NIH website Drug researchers not directly employed by pharmaceutical companies often look to companies for grants, and companies often look to researchers for studies that result make their products look favorable. Sponsored researchers are rewarded by drug companies, for usage with support for their concourse/symposium costs.Lecture scripts and even journal articles presented by academic researchers may actually be ghost-written by pharmaceutical companies. Some researchers who have tried to reveal estimable issues with clinical trials or who tried to publish papers that show deadly effects of new drugs or cheaper alternatives have been threatened by drug companies with lawsuits. Product approval in the US In the united States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the FDA as existence both safe and effective.This process generally involves sub explosive sex of an Inv estigational new drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical info to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approval, triple phases of progressively larger human clinical trials may be conducted. form I generally studies toxicity using wellnessy volunteers. Phase II can include Pharmacokinetics and Dosing in patients, and Phase III is a very large study of efficacy in the intended patient population. A fourth phase of post-approval surveillance is also often required due to the fact that even the largest clinical trials cannot effectively predict the prevalence of rare side-effects.Post-marketing surveillance ensures that after marketing the safety of a drug is monitored closely. In certain instances, its indication may need to be hold in to particular patient groups, and in others the substance is withdrawn from the market completely. Questions keep on to be raised regarding the standard of both the initial approval process, and concomitant changes to product label ing (it may take many months for a change set in post-approval surveillance to be reflected in product labeling) and this is an area where congress is active. The FDA provides discipline about approved drugs at the Orange Book site. In the UK, the British National Formulary is the core guide for pharmacists and clinicians. Orphan drugs There are special rules for certain rare diseases (orphan diseases) involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances. Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially dis expediencyous, companies that do so are rewarded with tax reductions, fee waivers, and market exclusivity on that drug for a curb time ( 7 years), regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents.Industry revenues For the first time ever, in 2006, global spending on prescription drugs topped $643 billion, even as growth slowed somewhat in Europe and North America. The United Stat es accounts for almost half of the global pharmaceutical market, with $289 billion in annual gross revenue followed by the EU and Japan. Emerging markets such as China, Russia, sulfur Korea and Mexico outpaced that market, growing a huge 81 percent. US profit growth was maintained even whilst other top industries saw slowed or no growth. Despite this, .. he pharmaceutical industry is and has been for years the most fat of all notees in the U. S. In the annual Fortune 500 survey, the pharmaceutical industry topped the lean of the most profitable industries, with a return of 17% on revenue. Pfizers cholesterol pill Lipitor remains the best-selling(predicate) drug in the world for the fifth year in a row. Its annual bargains were $12. 9 billion, more than twice as much as its closest competitors Plavix, the blood thinner from Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Aventis Nexium, the heartburn pill from AstraZeneca and Advair, the asthma attack inhaler from GlaxoSmithKline.IMS Healt h publishes an analysis of trends expected in the pharmaceutical industry in 2007, including increasing moolah in most sectors despite injury of some patents, and new blockbuster drugs on the horizon. Teraselective information Magazine predicted that by 2007, $40 billion in U. S. gross sales could be lost at the top 10 pharma companies as a result of slowdown in R&D innovation and the expiry of patents on major(ip) products, with 19 blockbuster drugs losing patent. STEPS TO STRENGTHEN THE INDUSTRY Indian companies need to let on the right product-mix for uphold next growth.Core competencies will play an important role in determining the future of many Indian pharmaceutical companies in the post product-patent regime after 2005. Indian companies, in an effort to unify their position, will have to increasingly look at merger and learning options of either companies or products. This would help them to offset loss of new product options, improve their R&D efforts and imp rove distribution to cut through markets. Research and development has always taken the back seat amongst Indian pharmaceutical companies.In order to stay belligerent in the future, Indian companies will have to refocus and invest heavily in R&D. The Indian pharmaceutical industry also of necessity to take advantage of the recent advances in biotechnology and information technology. The future of the industry will be determined by how well it markets its products to several(prenominal) regions and distributes risks, its prior and regardant(postnominal) integration capabilities, its R&D, its consolidation through mergers and acquisitions, co-marketing and licensing agreements. INTRODUCTION TO eastern MEDIKIT LTDCOMPANY PROFILE A fraternity empowered by one mission to place itself on the world map. An enterp bear propelled by one force-that synergizes its energies to adopt unexplored markets. Organizations fuelled by one dream-to transform competition into opportunity. easterly Medikit Ltd Laboratories Ltd. was integrate in June 1961, in the name of M/S LEPITIT easterly MEDIKIT LTD LABORATORIES LTD and it commenced its business in MARCH 1962, in technical and financial collaboration with an international company named LEPTIT SPA, MILAN, ITALY. east Medikit Ltd Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. merged with Leptit eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. in 1962 eastern Medikit Ltd and company also merged with this company in 1966. The collaboration arrangement with M/S LEPTIT was terminated in 1966 after which Indian nationals acquired the inherent share hood of the company. Therefore the word Leptit was removed from the name of the company. The name is known as EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD LABORATORIES LIMITED. In 1973 the company issued shares to the general public and became a skillful fledged PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY.Today, easterly Medikit Ltd has emerged as a tip Pharmaceutical party on the Indian firmament, with the second largest market share and ma ke whoopies an enviable reputation for its high standard of ethics and quality around its core strength of anti-infective, it has produced new brands in emerging therapeutic areas like cardiovascular, central nervous brass and nutritional. supporting this expansion, the company has invested in world class manufacturing infra structure that leverages Indias comparative cost advantage and skilled manpower, while delivering international quality.The companys drive for foreignism is head by the well aforethought(ip) brand strategy that covers some of the world emerging markets like China, cis, cardinal Europe and Latin America . Its position today is in league of the Top Ten Pharmaceutical companies of three world an decent ranking as the eleventh largest company in the international generics space is the resounding endorsement of its strategic mind. It is clear that for a long time, the dominant share of revenues of the company would continue to come from the ever expanding global generics market.Hence the intent of Eastern Medikit Ltd mission is to progress to a sustained growth rate through the round-the-clock pursuit of innovation phase one trials for pervasion, a compound for treating prosthetic males have been completed. Phase 1 trials with clafrinast, an asthma compound is an important smell towards research based value creation. This company also had success with Ciplofloxacine, an ingenious form, created through the novel drug delivery systems research.As the demand of the bulk drugs inside the country and abroad was increasingly rapidly a new, plant was set up at Toansa near Ropar in 1987. This was a high(prenominal) capacity plant designed to furnish to the present and future needs, initially antibiotics like Ampicillin, Trihydrate and Doxycycline were manufactured. Later, on the other drugs like Cephalexin monohydrate and Ranitidine were also prepared. The plant at Toansa was designed to meet the stringent standards set by the Food and Drug A dministration (FDA) of U. S. A.This plant has been approved by FDA and this will open up American and other newer markets for Eastern Medikit Ltds products At present Eastern Medikit Ltd have four plants for the manufacture of bulk drugs two at Mohali, one at Dewas (M. P) AND Another at Toansa near ROPAR. At present, Eastern Medikit Ltd is the second most Indian company engaged in the manufacturing of Pharmaceuticals, Bulk Drugs and lovely chemics. EASTERN MEDIKIT LTDs vast range of highly pure laboratory reagent and chemicals enjoy a place of pride in the market.IT trends, has rebuilt As a step towards leveraging information for value creation using its information horse sense around an ERP application, along the focus on reengineering several business processes around the internet and has putting place business solutions that challenge existing ways of doing Business. The undying spirit of the companys human assets and their intensive competitive and entrepreneurial energy has played a great part in transforming the company into a multicultural and multiracial team.Today, Eastern Medikit Ltd is the largest exporter accounting for 12% of the industry exports pharmaceutical substance and doses forms to over 50 countries with the internationals sales comprising of 45% of the total turnover. VISION GARUDA During the year 2002, the company has evolved a 10-year vision coin bank 2012, for sustaining portentous growth consistent with its mission to be an international research based Pharmaceutical Company, under the rubric Vision Garuda, with increasing stress on Novel Drug language Systems Research (DDR).In licensing and out licensing, family with other important pharmaceutical entities, expansion of manufacturing facilities both in India and strategic overseas locations, revamping of organizational structures to cater to the wider and more dispersed span of operations, and streamlining and standardizing the business processes through out the global organ ization, are other areas that receive focus and attention of management on priority. Mission To become a Research based International pharmaceutical company Vision-2012 Achieve significant business in copyrighted prescription products By 2012 With a strong presence in demonstrable markets Aspirations-2012 Aspire to be a$5 billion company wrench a Top 5 global generics imposter Significant income from Proprietary products BOARD OF DIRECTORS At the helm entire operations is the experience and able direction of the people who make it all happen. Eastern Medikit Ltd acknowledges their inspiring stewardship and unwearying work. * Mr. Tejendra Khanna(Chairman) * Mr. D. S. Brar (CEO $ Managing Director) * Mr. V. K. Kaul (Whole Time Director) * Dr.Brian Tempest (Whole Time Director) * Mr. Surendera Daulet Singh * Mr. Harpal Singh * Mr J. W. Balani * Mr. N. Kampani * Mr. V. Bharat Ram * Mr. Vivek Mehra Mr. Tejendra Khanna Mr. Tejendra Khanna was elected Chairman at a meeting of the Board of Directors of Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories bound held at New Delhi, on July 5, 1999. Mr. Khanna, source Commerce Secretary to the Government of India, and a former Lieutenant Governor of Delhi is widely regarded as an expert in International Trade and Public Administration. Mr. D. S. BrarHe was instrumental in developing the Pharmaceutical exports business of the company in early 80s, which later became synonymous with major growth and expansion of companys portfolio. In addition to the International business, he looked after the sensual Healthcare & OTC businesses of the company. In 1986, he took over the Pharma business in India along with Chemical Manufacturing Operations. In early 90s he led the companys expansion into overseas markets creating joint ventures, affiliates and subsidiaries in major countries like China, Russia, U. K. , South Africa and the USA.In 1996, he took over as the President of the company. Mr. V. K. Kaul Graduated in 1964 (B. Sc. Hons, Physics ) from Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Mr. V. K Kaul conjugate the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India F. C. A. He is recognised in the industry for his vast experience and variegated knowledge. Dr Brian W. Tempest Dr Tempest linked Eastern Medikit Ltd as Regional Director- Europe, CIS & Africa in 1995 and subsequently took charge of Eastern Medikit Ltds cosmopolitan pharmaceuticals business as President-Pharmaceuticals in the year 2000. In July 2001 he was appointed on the Board of Directors of Eastern Medikit Ltd.Dr. Tempest, 54, has worked in the Pharmaceutical Industry for 28 years, bringing in a riches of global pharmaceutical experience and expertise. He has worked with leading multi-national companies a picky several international markets including USA, Japan, Europe, China and other countries in Africa and Asia-Pacific. His unique combination of experience with both research-based and generic companies will be an asset in brainish the companys growth in times ahead. Dr. Tempest is a Bachelor of wisdom with Honors from Aston University, specializing in Chemistry.He followed it up with a PhD in Polymer Chemistry from Lancaster University. Mr. Malvinder Mohan Singh Mr. Malvinder Mohan Singh is an Honors Graduate in Economics from Delhi University followed by a Masters Degree in Business Administration from Duke University, USA. He started his career with the American Express Bank and joined Eastern Medikit Ltd in May 1998. After holding several positions in the Company, has been appointed as President Pharmaceuticals and Whole-time Director, Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Limited effective January 1, 2004OPERATING go VENTURES AND SUBSIDIARIES BRAZILEastern Medikit Ltd S. P. Medicamentos Ltd. CHINAEastern Medikit Ltd (Guangzhou China) Ltd. EGYPTEastern Medikit Ltd Egypt Ltd. GERMANY basics Gmb H. HONG KONGEastern Medikit Ltd (Hong Kong) Ltd. INDIARexcel pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Solus pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Vidyut Travel Services ltd. IRELANDEastern Medikit Ltd Ireland Ltd. MALAYSIAEastern Medikit Ltd (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. NETHERLANDSEastern Medikit Ltd Pharmaceuticals B. V. NIGERIAEastern Medikit Ltd Nigeria Ltd. PANAMAEastern Medikit Ltd Panama SA.POLANDEastern Medikit Ltd Poland Sp. Zo. SOUTH AFRICAEastern Medikit Ltd (SA) (Pty. ) Ltd. THAILANDUnichem pharmaceuticals LTD. , Unichem Distributors Ltd. Part, Eastern Medikit Ltd Unichem CO. Ltd. U. KEastern Medikit Ltd (UK) Ltd USA Eastern Medikit Ltd pharmaceuticals Inc. Ohm Laboratories Inc. , Eastern Medikit Ltd Schein Pharma, LLC VIETNAM Eastern Medikit Ltd Vietnam Company Ltd. ALLIED BUSINESSES Eastern Medikit Ltd Animal Health The Animal Health office saw an encouraging growth despite the prevailing poor market conditions.The discrepancy grew at twice the growth rate recorded in the industry. On the foot of having a vast dome satiated living organism population, the livestock, poultry business and pets business are among the fastest growing sectors in In dia. A vast infrastructure of veterinary colleges, agricultural institutes, technologists and researchers are fortune farmers to source wellnessy, cost effective products. In conjunction with the present scenario, the AHC division of Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Limited has introduced several latest generation products. Eastern Medikit Ltd Fine Chemicals Limited (RFCL)The division ranked 4th in the industry and captured 11% market share. RANKEM is established as a powerful brand, RFCLs brand for its range of Reagents is now synonymous with excellence in reagents and fine chemicals in the country. The focus of business remains on developing extensive customer transaction enhancing service levels and enriching the product mix with the help of a qualified and competent marketing and sales team Diagnostics The diagnostics division has acutely focused on market expansion activities based on strategy of reliability, quality products and efficient service.Introduction of products in Point of manage markets has expanded market presence and over the next 1 2 years this ingredient will see considerable expansion in line with world trends. The Dade Behring segment has increased its installation base by 60% in leading hospitals and laboratories. Plans are afoot for the introduction of more parameters for the Point of Care market and the launch of Special Chemistries, a range of drug assays, irrefutable an gateway into automated microbiology in both the Base and Dade Behring business areas. The company has also witnessed significant milestones in the area of Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS).The company has entered into strategic business arrangements with companies such as Bayer AG, Glaxo-Wellcome, Eli-Lilly etc. for production and co-marketing operations. Many innovative developments have been taking place in recent times. The companys research team is capable of developing one NDDS product every 12 to 18 months. Also, two new products Roletra-D and Altiva-D , will soon be launched in India. In order to expand and promote global growth, the company opened several new markets during the year, notably in Brazil, where 25 filings were undertaken in a span of 2-3 months.The company has planned to build and protect intellectual suitablety with the help of IPC, which addresses all matters pertaining to patents. CQA supervises the carrying into action of standard run(a) procedures (SOP) and ensures compliance to unified quality assurance indemnity in all technological operations of the organization. The company is committed to invest 6% of the sales in R and D by 2003, of which 7% of the expenditure will be earmarked for research on New Drug Discovery and Novel Drug Delivery Systems.There will be continuous emphasis on augmenting R and D performance and productivity with pass on scientific and technological tools. VALUES OF EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD LABORATORIES LIMITED 1. Achieving customer satisfaction is fundamental to their business. 2. Pr actice dignity and faithfulness in relationships and provide opportunities for people to realize their full potential. 3. Ensure profitable growth and enhance wealth of shareholders. 4. Foster mutually beneficial relationships with all their business partners. 5. Manage their operations with concern for safety and environment. 6.Be a responsible corporate citizen. OBJECTIVES OF EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD LABORATORIES LTD. 1. To be a leader in the Pharmaceutical industry. 2. To be a profitable company with a steady growth in earnings. 3. To set an example as a socially responsible company. 4. To diversify in health care related areas. 5. To strive for excellence and continuous improvement in all spheres. 6. To improve the quality of life of people by providing kick downstairs services and quality products. Environment, Health and Safety EHS Caring for the Environment is a core corporate value and as a part of this commitment.The Company enunciated its EHS policy in 1993. The Companys EHS policy provides for the creation of a safe and healthy workplace and a clean environment for employees and the community. It aims at higher international standards in plant design, equipment selection, maintenance and operations. The policy seeks to manufacture products safely and in an environmentally responsible manner. The implementation of the EHS Policy is ensured by institutionalizing a robust EHS Management system, adequately supported by well defined organizational structure.As a part of EHS processes at the corporate level, anyhow laying down guidelines on systems, policy and training, the corporate EHS office monitors compliance, maintains and disseminates information on laws and regulations. EHS performance review meetings are held on regular basis to monitor the progress against agreed EHS improvement plans. Close cooperation betwixt all units and individuals is the key to maintaining high standards of environment security measures and safety in all the plants.The key processes at location level comprise of regular safety surveillance, inspections & audits, Permit to work system for operational / maintenance safety, flak prevention & protection activities, operation of the ETP/Incinerator, disposal activities related to hazardous wastes, regular monitoring of the environment internally and also through approved laboratories. Monthly reports address EHS initiatives, compliance & various records under the statutory requirement, training of employees including contract employees on EHS awareness, interaction with the residential associations/nearby community etc. celebration of National safety day, fire day, Environment day etc. for EHS awareness among employees. The manufacturing facilities for bulk drugs and dosage forms comply with the stringent requirements of computable Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) and are approved by International health and regulatory Agencies like FDA USA, MCA UK, WHO etc. These practices and approvals ensure that an effective framework is always in place, not only for manufacture of high quality products, but also for effective use of resources and reduction of wastes as well as high safety & hygiene standards.Eastern Medikit Ltd has made significant improvements in process safety of the existing manufacturing facilities by providing extensive instrumented safety protection systems. The intended safety features are incorporated in the basic design of the new projects. Investments have been made on process improvements as well as effluent treatment plant up-gradation using the latest tissue layer based technology, multi-effect thermal evaporation system and state-of-the-art Incinerator. These investments have helped to fasten leave outs of contaminants into the environment.With the facilities installed at Toansa for recycling of the treated effluent, the site has achieved the status of zero discharge site. The Company also engages with the have -to doe with authorities and industry in devising responsible laws, regulations and standards and thus making safety, occupational health & environmental information and expertise available to its employees and the community at large. Eastern Medikit Ltd has made EHS concerns and practices a necessary factor in appraising its employee performance.The Company also accords a very high priority to hygiene monitoring at work place and health assessment of all employees at site. The plant and processes are continuously upgraded to improve hygiene and health standards. inevitable training is imparted to the employees to enhance their awareness towards health related matters. Safety knowledge of the employees is constantly updated through various external and in-house training programs, including special training programs by overseas experts & consultants.Moving up the value chain, the company identified Consumer Healthcare as its new business area in the year 2001. Eastern Medikit Ltd Global Consumer Healthcare (RGCH) was launched in October 2002 with a portfolio of 4 chastise brands Revital, Pepfiz, Gesdyp & Garlic Pearls. Since these brands were already popular amongst consumers and represented the leading common ailment categories like VMS (Vitamins & Minerals Supplement), this portfolio was carefully created for the introduction of RGCH to the Indian market.Subsequently in 2004, RGCH launched its first herbal range of products through New Age Herbals (NAH) with products crack remedy in categories of Cough & Cold (Olesan Oil & Cough Syrups) and Appetite Stimulant (Eat Ease). VARIOUS DIVISIONS OF EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD LABORATORIES LTD. 1. Chemical discrepancy 2. Diagnostic air division 3. Stan care Division 4. Curradia Division 5. International Division 6. Pharmaceutical Division 7. Technical Division 8. Corporate Division 9. Animal Health Care Division DIVISIONS IN VARIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS 1. India and position East 2. Europe, CIS and Afri ca 3.Asia Pacific and Latin America 4. North America JOINT VENTURE OF THE COMPANY. 2000Eastern Medikit Ltd files IND Application for Asthma Molecule- RBx4638, after successful completion of pre-clinical studies. Eastern Medikit Ltd acquires Bayers Generics business (trading under the Name of Basics) in Germany. Eastern Medikit Ltd forays into Brazil, the largest pharmaceutical market in South America and achieves global sales of U. S. $ 2. 5 million in this market. 2001Eastern Medikit Ltd took a significant step forward in Vietnam by initiating the Setting up of a new manufacturing facility with an investment of U.S. $ 10 million. Eastern Medikit Ltd achieved a turnover of U. S. $ 502 million for the year 2002 and moved closer to achieving a target of 1 billion dollar bill by 2004. 2002Receives approval from FDA to market Midazolam Hydrochloride Syrup 2 Mg base/ ml. Eastern Medikit Ltd receives and approval from FDA to manufacture and market Cefpodoxime Proxetil for Oral Suspensio n, lisinopril + Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets Us, Terazosin Hydrochloride Capsules and Amoxcillin Oral suspension USP. Heralding the companys entry into the Indian OTC market. 003Eastern Medikit Ltd received the economic times award for corporate excellence-for the company for year. Eastern Medikit Ltd signed an agreement toacquire RPG(aventis) SA along with its fully owned subsidiary,OPIH SARL,in france 2004 Eastern Medikit Ltd launched its first range of herbal projects. 2005 Acquisition of additional game in Eastern Medikit Ltd Farmaceutica Ltda. , Brazil Eastern Medikit Ltd announced the acquisition of Be-Tabs Pharmaceuticals (Pty) Limited 2008Acquired by the Japanese giant, the $9. 62 billion Daiichi Sankyo, ranked No. in Japan BRIEF INTRO OF EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD PLANTS IN INDIA In the chemical division, various bulk drugs are manufactured. The chemical division had three units in Punjab. unrivalled is located at Toansa, two are located at Mohali and one unit is located at Dewa s near Indore in Madhya Pradesh, where Ciprofloxacine is manufactured. In the plant of the chemical division, various drugs like Antibiotics, Anti-malarial, Antibacterial and Anti-ulcer are manufactured. One of the older plants of Eastern Medikit Ltd was closed after the accident in June 2003. he second one is still working The 1991, the Toansa plant started functioning in 1992 and the Dewas plant started functioning in 1999. Various plant heads independently manage all these plants. In each unit, separate facilities with respect to the manufacture of drugs, along with their manufacturing areas have been provided. This is required to reduce the chances of any cross contamination under the drug laws and to comply with technical manufacturing practices. At Mohali plant, separate blocks have been provided for the preparation of each drug .The Toansa, Mohali and Dewas plants are planned in such a way that their system, facilities, manufacturing practices and standards meet the requirem ents of FDA. Mohali Plant also mainly in the manufacturing of ready Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API). The Plant is divided into two plant areas A8 and A9 THE VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS clement Resource Department The basic function of the human resource division in the modern corporate world is knowledge management. The HR division strives to maintain cohesiveness among employees. It also ensures inter divisional cooperation in achieving targets.The appraisal system is also taken care by this department. The HR department delves deep into the employees psyche to analyze the positives and negatives of each employee, so that a proper system of delegation and / or empowerment can be evolved. pay Department The finance department takes care of the regular financial needs of the company it ensures proper allocation of funds and takes care of the working slap-up requirements. It verifies seat of government raised by different departments and sends them for approval to the higher authoriti es. Stores DepartmentThe function of this department is to provide adequate and proper storage and preservation of various items to meet the demand of various other departments by proper issues and maintaining accounts of consumption. It also keeps a track of stock accumulation and abnormal consumption. Erection and fable Department As the name suggests, this department identifies new projects and helps in put up them. This department also undertakes major modifications of equipment. ERP Department ERP department helps to integrate the entire enterprise starting from the supplier to the customer, covering financial and human resources.This will enable the enterprise to increase productivity by reducing costs. It also ensures a single solution to the information needs of the whole organization. output Department As a part of their on going commitment to produce hi-tech quality drugs and pharmaceuticals that take care of the specific needs of markets around the world, Eastern Medik it Ltd Laboratories Limited has increased the investment in the production department. It is the most important department of the company and has the pursuance objectives 1. Improving slew of production. 2.Reducing rejection rate. 3. Maintaining rework rate. Engineering Department This department undertakes building, construction and maintenance. Maintaining service facilities such as water, gas, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, painting and plumbing are some of the other areas dealt by this department. This department also helps in maintaining electrical equipments such as generators, transformers, telephone system and electrical installation. Purchase Department The purchase department provides material to the factory without which the wheels of machines cannot move.The various functions performed by this department include Securing good vendor performance, including prompt deliveries of supplies of acceptable qualities. 1. To develop satisfactory sources of supply and ma intaining good relationships with the suppliers. 2. To pay reasonably low prices. Quality Control/Quality sureness Department The purpose of QC & QA departments is to ensure that the desired quality standard is achieved. It also ensures that the processing or fabrication of material conforms to the specific characteristics selected, to check that the resulting product will in fact perform its intended function. PRODUCT REVIEWEastern Medikit Ltds therapeutic width covers five of the top six categories including Anti-infective, gastrointestinal, Nutritionals, Cardiovascular, Central Nervous System, Respiratory, Dermatological and others. While anti-infective contribute 56% of the total sales, Eastern Medikit Ltds other brands like Simvotin and Storvas in the cardiovascular segment, Serlift in systema nervosum centrale and Revital and Riconia in Nutritionals, are on their way to success in duplex markets. During Jan Dec 2000, amongst the top products of Eastern Medikit Ltd, Spor idex (Cephalexin) was the Number 1 brand, closely followed by Cifran (Ciprofloxacin).Anti Infectives Anti- infective has been the main driver of Eastern Medikit Ltds sales. The important brands in this mob are Cifran (Ciprofloxacin), Sporidex (Ciphalexin), Enhancin (Amoxyclav), Crixan (Clarithromycin), Vercef (Cefaclor), Oframax (Ceftriaxone), Cepodem (Cefpodoxime Proxetil), Zanocin (Ofloxacin), Ceroxim (Cefuroxime Axetil), and Loxof (Levofloxacin). Cifran (Ciprofloxacin) is the key brand in the anti- infective portfolio, with estimated sales of US $ 32 Mn, currently being marketed in 15 countries. victimisation of Ciprofloxacin once a day has been an important landmark achieved by Eastern Medikit Ltd.The product has been licensed to Bayer. Cifran continues to be a dominant player in the quinolones market in India, China and Russia. Sporidex is another leading brand in Eastern Medikit Ltds product portfolio with worldwide annual sales of US $ 35 Mn. It is available in eight diffe rent dosage forms including capsules, dry powder for suspension, redimix, dispersible tablets, paediatric drops, soft gelatin capsules, sachet and advanced formulation for twice-daily administration. It is currently marketed in 15 countries. In India, Sporidex is the leading brand with a market share of 36% of the Cephalexin segment.Keflor is available in seven different dosage forms and is the third-largest selling brand for Eastern Medikit Ltd worldwide. The dosage forms list includes capsules, dry syrup, modified release tablets, dispersible tablets, drops and redimix. Enhancin is expected to be the leading product in Eastern Medikit Ltds product portfolio with estimated sales of US $ 45 Mn by the year 2005. The product will be furled out to about 20 important markets during this period. Zanocin, with approximate sales of US $ 10 Mn, is the seventh-largest contributor to Eastern Medikit Ltds total sales.Cepodem is currently available in three different countries outside India, a nd will be trilled out to 13 different countries in the near future. Cardiovasculars Cardiovascular is intercommunicate to be the second-best category for Eastern Medikit Ltd. Statins have been the key drivers for this segment. The sale of Simvastatin has grown substantially in the past few years, a trend that is likely to continue in the future. In India, Simvotin (Simvastatin) is the market leader in the cholesterol reducer segment. Another leading brand in this category is Storvas (Atorvastatin).Storvas has been one of the fastest-ever to enter the top-300 brands list of the Indian pharma industry. otherwise global cardiovascular brands are Covance (Losartan) and Caslot (Carvedilol). Central Nervous System The Central Nervous Segment is one of the important focus areas identified by Eastern Medikit Ltd, with Serlift being the key brand. In India, Serlift is number 1 amongst sertraline brands. New product introductions will be drivers of growth in this category. Gastrointestina l Currently, gastrointestinal drugs are the second-largest category for Eastern Medikit Ltd.The key brands in this category include Histac and Romesac. The current annual sales of Ranitidine are estimated to be around US $ 16 Mn and the product is marketed in more than 20 countries. Rheumatologicals The first generation cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors principally drive worldwide growth in rheumatology. This category is estimated to grow exponentially for Eastern Medikit Ltd, with brands like Celecoxib. This year, Rofibax (Rofecoxib) introduced in India, has established itself as a leader in the Cox-2 inhibitor category and has overtaken all Celecoxib brands. It has been identified as a key Global brand for the future.Nutritonals Nutritionals have been a major contributor to Eastern Medikit Ltds sales. Two of the important products in this category are Revital and Riconia. With annual sales estimated at about US $ 10 Mn, Revital contributes a significant share of total sales. It is a lea ding brand in India and has through exceedingly well in some parts of the world as an OTC product. Dermatologicals The dermatology category is mainly driven by India region and is likely to show a good growth pattern in the future. Some of the key brands doing well in this segment are Mobizox, Silverex, Moisturex, etc.INTRODUCTION TO CAPITAL organize THEORY AND ANALYSIS This is a Report on the not bad(p) complex body part and Capital Expenditure of Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Ltd. . The purpose and scope of the project can be listed as * Understanding the organizational structure and functioning of Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Ltd. * Analysing and comparing the financial health of the firms in the Indian Pharma Industry. * Identifying and analysing the chapiter structure of Eastern Medikit Ltd. * Conducting a Review of the Capital Expenditure done at Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Ltd. Identifying loopholes in the functioning and in the area of study and recommending the suggestions for the same. Following are the limitations of the study * Balance sheets of only 3 years have been studied but the company is in operation for so many years. * Only specific tools (i. e. ratio analysis) have been used for data analysis, while so many other tools are also there. * organizational rules & regulations. * Availability of data. financial figures for 2008 of Eastern Medikit Ltd were not available. * Limitations of the financial tools used. MethodologyThe methodology adopted for the study was as follows * Familiarization, examination and evaluation of the procedures relating to great(p) structure and capital expenditure. * Collection of relevant data form company records and cross checking of this data. * Calculations of financial ratios, parameter and norms, as also their financial implications. Broadly the data were collected for the report on the project work has been through the primary and secondary sources. The primary data is collected by vari ous approaches so as to give a precise, complete, realistic and relevant data.The main terminal in the mind while gathering primary data was investigation and placard. The ends were thus achieved by a direct approach and personal observation from the officials of the company. The other staff members and the employees were interviewed for the sake of maintaining reasonable standard of accuracy. The secondary data as it has always been important for the completion of any report provides a reliable, suitable equate and specific knowledge. The annual reports, the amend asset register and the Capex register provided the knowledge and information regarding the relevant subjects.The valuable cooperation and continued support extended by all associated personnels, head of the department, division and staff members contributed a lot to fulfil the requirement in the collection of data in order to present a complete report on the project work. Capital Structure Theory and Analysis Capital Structure backing decisions involve raising funds for the firm. It is concerned with formulation and designing of capital structure or leverage. The most crucial decision of any company is involved in the formulation of its appropriate capital structure.The best design or structure of the capital of a company helps the management to achieve its ultimate objectives of minimising overall cost of capital, maximizing profitability and also maximising the value of the firm. The capital structure decision of a firm is concerned with the determination of debt candour composition. Capital structure ordinarily implies the proportion of debt and equity in the total capital of a company. The term capital may be defined as the long term funds of the firm. Capital is the aggregation of the items appearing on the left hand side of the balance sheet minus current liabilities.In other words capital may be expressed as follows Capital = Total Assets Current Liabilities. Further, capital of a com pany may broadly be categorised into equity and debt. The total capital structure of a firm is represented in the following figure Established companies generally have track record of their profit earning capacity, which helps them to create their creditworthiness. The lenders feel safe to invest their funds in such companies. Thus, there is ample scope for this type of companies to collect debt. tho a company cannot freely i. e. without having any limit.The company must have to chalk out a plan to collect a debt in such a way that the acceptance of debt becomes beneficial for the company in terms of increase in EPS, profitability and value of the firm. If the cost of capital is greater than the return, it will have an adverse effect on companys profitability, value of the firm and its EPS. Similarly, if company is unable to repay the debt within the scheduled period it will affect the goodwill of the company in the credit market and so may create problems in future for collecting further debt.Other factors remaining constant, the company should select its appropriate capital structure with due consideration. Capital structure involves a choice between risk and expected return. The optimal capital structure strikes the balance between these risks and returns and thus examines the price of the stock. Significant variations with regard to capital structure can easily be noticed among industries and firms within the same industry. So it is heavy to generate the model capital structure for all business undertakings.The following is an attempt to consolidate the literature on various methods to suggested by researchers in arriving at optimal capital structure. Notations used * V = value of firm * FCF = free cash flow * WACC = weighted average cost of capital * rs and rd are costs of stock and debt * re and wd are percentages of the firm that are financed with stock and debt. Operating and Financial Leverages The term leverage refers to the ability of a firm in e mploying long term funds having a quick-frozen cost, to enhance returns to the owners. In other words everage is the employment of fixed assets or funds for which a firm has to meet fixed costs or fixed rate of post obligation irrespective of the level of activities deliver the goods or the level of operate profit earned. Higher the leverage, higher the profits and vice versa. But a higher leverage obviously implies higher outside borrowings and hence riskier if the business activity of the firm suddenly takes a dip. But a low leverage does not necessarily bespeak prudent financial management, as the firm might be subject an opportunity cost for not having borrowed funds at a fixed cost to earn higher profits.Operating Leverage Operating leverage is concerned with the operation of any firm. The cost structure of any firm gives rise to operating leverage because of the existence of fixed nature of costs. This leverage relates to the sales and profit variations. Operating Leve rage = Contribution EBIT Contribution = Sales variable star Costs EBIT = Earnings Before Interest and Taxes. Disadvantages of Operating Leverages * The reliability of operating ratios rests to a large extent on the correctness of the fixed costs identified with a product. Faulty apportionment would distort the usefulness of the ratio. The make accounts does not give details of the fixed cost incurred and the contribution from each product and for an outsider it is difficult to calculate the firms operating leverage. Firms cost structure and nature of the firms business affects operating leverage. A degree change in sales volume results in more than proportionate change (+/-) in operating (or loss) can be observed by use of operating leverage. Financial Leverage This ratio indicates the effects on earnings by rise of fixed cost funds. It refers to use the use of debt in the capital structure.Financial leverage arises when a firm deploys debt funds with fixed charge. The ratio is c alculated with the following * Earnings before hobby and tax / Earnings after interest The higher the ratio, the lower the cushion for paying interest on borrowings. A low ratio indicates a low interest outflow and consequently lower borrowings. A high ratio is risky and constitutes a product line on profits. This ratio is considered along with the operating ratio, gives a fairly and accurate idea about the firms earnings, its fixed costs and the interest expenses on long term borrowings. Earnings per Share Higher financial leverage leads to higher EBIT resulting in higher EPS, if other things remain constant. Financial leverage affects the variability and expected level of EPS. The more debt the firm employs the higher its financial leverage. Financial leverage generally raises expected EPS, but it also increases the riskiness of securities as the debt / asset ratio rises. Financial Leverage = EBIT EBT EBIT Ea